An ICT-Integrated Framework for Battery Monitoring and GIS-Based Distributed Energy Systems: A Review and Design Concept

Abstract

As distributed energy systems (DES) expand across remote and urban landscapes; the integration of intelligent battery monitoring and spatial planning has become essential for optimizing system reliability and performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review and conceptual framework combining Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and battery monitoring solutions for distributed renewable energy systems. Drawing from peer-reviewed studies, we synthesize current practices, identify technological gaps, and propose an ICT-integrated framework that supports real-time monitoring, geospatial visualization, and decision-making. The framework aims to inform future designs of decentralized energy systems by addressing limitations in battery health tracking, energy dispatch optimization, and site-specific planning. We also explore challenges related to interoperability, communication protocols, and infrastructure scalability. This review contributes to the advancement of resilient and intelligent energy systems in both grid-connected and off-grid environments.