Harnessing Nigerian Propolis for their Potentials as Novel Lead Antimicrobial Agents against Some Human Pathogenic Microorganisms

Abstract

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant challenge to global public health, with limited treatment options available for infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have accelerated the emergence of resistant strains, necessitating the exploration of novel antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Nigerian propolis, a resinous substance collected by honeybees, offers a promising solution due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, but its potential remains underexplored and warrants further scientific investigation. This study employed a laboratory-based experimental design to investigate the antimicrobial potential of Nigerian propolis. Propolis samples were collected from apiaries in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria, and authenticated by a taxonomist. The samples were extracted using methanol, and the resulting extract was subjected to phytochemical profiling and antimicrobial activity assessment against common human pathogenic bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth micro dilution. Phytochemical analysis of Nigerian Propolis revealed a rich composition of bioactive compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, and tannins. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against four bacterial strains, with Propolis demonstrating notable inhibitory effects at 400 mg/ml. MIC and MBC evaluations revealed bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. GC-MS analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including phenol derivatives, benzyl alcohol, and fatty acids, which contribute to Propolis's multifaceted therapeutic effects. These findings support Propolis's potential as an alternative antimicrobial agent. This study highlights Nigerian Propolis's potential as a natural antimicrobial agent, exhibiting concentration-dependent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Phytochemical analysis revealed bioactive compounds contributing to its therapeutic effects. The findings suggest Propolis as a viable alternative to synthetic antimicrobials, warranting further research to optimize its formulations and potential synergistic therapeutic approaches.