Direct Research Journal of Public Health and Environmental Technology
Direct Research Journal of Public Health and Environmental Technology (DRJPHET) ISSN:2734-2182 is a peer-reviewed open-access journal. The journal is published per article as soon as the manuscript is accepted for publication and covers all areas of the subject such as health observatory, biostatistics, occupational health, behavioral medicine, etc. DRJPHET publishes contributions from both the ‘traditional’ disciplines of public health, including hygiene, epidemiology, health education, environmental health, occupational health, health policy, hospital management, health economics, law, and ethics as well as from the area of new health care fields including social science, communication science, eHealth and mHealth philosophy, health technology assessment, genetics research implications, population-mental health, gender and disparity issues, global and migration-related themes. In support of this approach, DRJPHET strongly encourages the use of real multidisciplinary approaches and analyses in the manuscripts submitted to the journal. In addition to Original research, Review, and Debate articles, DRJPHET publishes newsworthy Case Reports related to public health and public health management activities. Submit your manuscript using the submission link Submit Manuscript ARTICLE PROCESSING COST = 655USD FOR AUTHOR OTHER COUNTRIES OR 75000 NAIRA FOR NIGERIA. AUTHORS CAN APPLY FOR PARTIAL WAIVER TO THE JOURNAL EDITORIAL AT editorialoffice@directresearchpublisher.org
Records Retention Practices in the Health Records Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara State, Nigeria
This study evaluated the current records retention practices and associated challenges in the Health Records Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Kwara State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was employed with a target population of 96 Health Information Management (HIM) professionals in the department, all of whom were included through total enumeration. Eighty-six valid questionnaires were returned (response rate = 89.6%; Cronbach's alpha = 0.82). Data were analysed using frequency counts, percentages, and mean scores, with a criterion mean of 2.50 adopted as the threshold for agreement. To formally test the null hypothesis (H₀₁) that records retention practices in the department are not significantly effective a one-sample t-test was conducted comparing item and pooled response scores against the criterion mean. Findings showed that basic retention practices are in place, including adherence to retention schedules (M = 2.81, t(85) = 3.23, p = .002) and use of proper indexing and filing systems (M = 3.12, t(85) = 6.99, p < .001), with an overall pooled mean of 2.66 that differed significantly from the criterion (t(429) = 3.54, p < .001), leading to rejection of H₀₁ for retention practices considered collectively. However, at the individual-item level, digital records backup (M = 2.36) and staff training on retention procedures (M = 2.42) did not differ significantly from the criterion mean, indicating these specific practices are neither clearly adequate nor clearly inadequate in the sampled population, and should be treated as areas of concern rather than confirmed failures. Challenges identified, all statistically significant relative to the criterion mean, include dependence on paper-based records (M = 3.42, p < .001), lack of adequate storage space (M = 3.38, p < .001), lack of periodic monitoring and audits (M = 3.17, p < .001), insufficient staff (M = 3.16, p < .001), and inadequate training (M = 2.99, p < .001). The study recommends regular review and enforcement of retention schedules, investment in digital backup infrastructure, continuous staff training, expansion of physical and digital storage capacity, institutionalized periodic audits, and gradual, phased adoption of electronic records management systems. As a single-institution study, findings are context-specific and are not intended to represent records retention practice across Nigerian teaching hospitals generally.
health records, records retention, retention schedule, Health Information Management, teaching hospital, Nigeria
Awareness of Mobile Health (mHealth) Interventions Among Health Information Management Professionals in Primary Health Care Facilities in Ilorin South, Kwara State, Nigeria
Mobile health (mHealth) interventions offer considerable promise for strengthening antenatal care delivery within Primary Health Care (PHC) systems, yet their successful integration depends fundamentally on the awareness of the health workforce responsible for managing health information and mediating digital system use. This study assessed the level of awareness of mHealth interventions among Health Information Management (HIM) professionals working in PHC facilities in Ilorin South Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. The accessible population comprised eighteen HIM professionals across six purposively selected PHC facilities, of whom seventeen were successfully surveyed (response rate = 94.4%), using a structured, expert-validated questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and a one-sample t-test against a criterion mean of 3.00, at the 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed a high overall level of awareness of mHealth interventions among HIM professionals, with a grand mean of 4.20 (SD = 0.75). Awareness was highest for SMS reminder systems (mean = 4.41) and mobile appointment reminders (mean = 4.29), and comparatively lower, though still high, for pregnancy-related mobile applications (mean = 3.94). A one-sample t-test confirmed that this level of awareness was statistically significant, t(16) = 6.60, p < .001, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no significant level of awareness of mHealth interventions among HIM professionals in the study area. The study concludes that awareness does not constitute a major barrier to mHealth adoption among HIM professionals in Ilorin South PHC facilities, and that implementation efforts should instead prioritise the institutional, infrastructural, and training conditions required to translate this existing awareness into sustained, effective practice. Findings are limited to the six facilities studied and should be interpreted with appropriate caution given the study's small sample size and single-Local-Government-Area scope.
mHealth, awareness, health information management, primary health care, antenatal care, Nigeria
Knowledge of the Relationship between Household Sanitation and Helminth Infection among Secondary School Students in Isiala Mbano LGA, Imo State
The present study investigated knowledge of the link between household sanitation and the prevalence of helminth infections among selected secondary schools in Isiala Mbano Local Government Area, Imo State. Using a cross-sectional descriptive design, the study employed a multistage sampling technique to recruit 384 students from five political wards. Data collection used a structured questionnaire to assess sociodemographic characteristics, sanitation facilities, and health knowledge, and included laboratory analysis of stool samples to determine infection status. Results indicated an overall prevalence of 30.5% (117 students), with Ascaris lumbricoides (52.1%) the predominant parasite, followed by hookworm (33.3%) and Trichuris trichiura (14.5%). Household sanitation assessment revealed that 31.3% of respondents relied on unimproved pit latrines or practiced open defecation, while 29.4% depended on untreated river or rainwater. Crucially, only 21.1% of students had access to soap and water for handwashing. Although 72.1% of participants correctly identified swallowing eggs as the primary infection route, a significant gap between knowledge and practice was observed, as 47.1% reported deworming only when symptoms appeared. Furthermore, 28.4% of students perceived open defecation merely as an environmental nuisance rather than a direct health risk. Inferential statistical analysis using Chi-Square Tests of Independence showed no statistically significant association between primary toilet facility and helminth infection status (X² = 0.12, df = 3, p = 0.990), handwashing materials and infection status (X² = 6.49, df = 3, p = 0.090), or paternal educational attainment and environmental health knowledge (X² = 0.50, df = 3, p = 0.919). These findings indicate that poor sanitation conditions and misconceptions were evident, although the tested categorical associations did not reach the 0.05 level of statistical significance. The study concludes that high infection rates appear to be sustained by poor sanitation infrastructure and specific misconceptions despite general health awareness. Consequently, implementation of targeted school-based health education programs focusing on transmission dynamics and urgent government investment in water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities are recommended to effectively break the cycle of reinfection.
Household sanitation, prevalence, helminth infection, Soil-transmitted helminths wash
Assessment of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Implementation and Associated Challenges among Food Handlers in Selected Food Establishments in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria
Background: Food safety remains a public health concern, particularly in rapidly urbanizing settings where reliance on ready-to-eat meals increases the responsibility on food handlers to implement Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles consistently. Despite national and international food safety standards, gaps in implementation and compliance persist, elevating the risk of foodborne illnesses; this study assessed the HACCP-based food safety practices and identified implementation challenges among food handlers in selected food establishments in Ikorodu, Lagos State. Objective: To assess the level of implementation of HACCP-based food safety practices among food handlers and identify the challenges influencing effective implementation of HACCP principles in selected food establishments in Ikorodu, Lagos State. Methods: A cross-sectional design was adopted, involving 424 food handlers selected through a multi-stage sampling technique from 46 registered establishments comprising 18 eateries and 28 restaurants across the Ikorodu metropolis of Lagos State. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire based on HACCP principles and food safety standards and analyzed using descriptive statistics, modified Poisson regression with robust standard errors, and independent-samples t-test at a 5% level of significance. Results: The findings showed a high level of self-reported HACCP implementation, with an overall mean score of above 4.87 on a five-point scale. Modified Poisson regression showed that food handlers aged 24 years or younger had a significantly lower prevalence of high HCCP implementation than those aged 45 years or older (aPR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51-0.97; p=0.032), while those aged 25-34 years also had a lower prevalence of implementation (aPR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83-0.97; p=0.005). Food handlers working in eateries had a significantly higher prevalence of implementation than those in restaurants (aPR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02-1.16; p=0.008). Training and capacity building were positively associated with adherence to HACCP-based practices. Structural challenge scores did not differ significantly between eateries and restaurants (p=0.224); however, operational challenge scores were significantly higher in eateries than in restaurants (4.71±0.46 versus 4.14±0.86; p<0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that HACCP implementation was high but varied by age and establishment type and was constrained by operational pressures. It is recommended that regulatory authorities and establishment managers strengthen practical training, age-sensitive mentoring, supportive supervision, staffing, and establishment-specific operational controls to sustain verifiable food safety implementation.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), Food Safety, Food Handlers, Food Hygiene, Structural and Operational Challenges.
Blood Pressure Outcome among Elderly Women in Sagbama, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
This study assesses the blood pressure of elderly women in relation to their age and dietary intake in Sagbama LGA. A descriptive study design was adopted to select all 225 participants for this study using a mercurial sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, fingertip, bathroom scale, interviewers and a structured questionnaire for documentation of all indices obtained for the study. Results: The obtained results showed elderly women aged 60-64years (37.78%) and above 80years (24.44%) as the most respondents during the study, while divorced rate (48.89%) was high, including secondary education attainment. The systolic blood pressure was lower (123mmHg) among categories of age 60-64yrs compare with 65-69yrs (127mmHg). However, at age 75- 79 years, the respondents' blood pressure rises significantly from 126 to 138 mmHg among elderly women above 80years. Regarding diastolic blood pressure, it increases steadily from the lower age group of 60- 64 years (67mmHg) to (68mmHg), (70mmHg) among age categories of 65- 74 years, but declined to (64 mmHg) at age 75- 79 years and further increased to 69 mmHg among respondents above 80years. The pulse significantly decreased (82bpm) among the elderly above 80years compared with other ages. Furthermore, the anthropometric indices of the elderly were all within normal range weight according to age. More so, the past lifestyle of the elderly shows their rate of much salt consumption (55.56%) and the addition of vegetables (75.56%) in their diet regularly. An increase in BP is associated with increasing age due to the narrowing of blood vessel lumens. We hereby recommend that the government should set up enlightenment campaign teams through the Ministry of Health to educate elderly women on the importance of consuming good nutrition that will improve their blood pressure health status. Also, hospitals for the elderly should be built to care for their health needs regularly.
Age, blood pressure, diets, pulse, women
Copyright (c) 2026 Direct Research Journal of Public Health and Environmental Technology
Psychosocial Work Environment and Mental Health Outcomes among Teachers: An Umbrella Review of Evidence Syntheses
Introduction: Psychosocial risks in teaching represent a growing problem for occupational health due to their impact on physical and mental well-being and professional performance. Several studies have indicated that factors such as work overload, emotional demands, work-family conflict, and lack of organizational support contribute significantly to the deterioration of teachers’ mental health. Method: An umbrella review of systematic reviews published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted, using the PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc, and Dialnet databases. Reviews related to psychosocial risks, occupational health, and teacher well-being were included, while primary studies, reviews without an explicit methodology, and opinion pieces were excluded. The methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Results: Of the 38 records identified, 5 systematic reviews that met the inclusion criteria were selected. The findings revealed a high level of exposure among teachers to psychological, organizational, and emotional demands associated with work-related stress, emotional exhaustion, and burnout. Work-family conflict, surface acting, depersonalization, low self-esteem, and insufficient organizational support were also identified as relevant factors. The use of instruments such as the CoPsoQ/ISTAS21 for psychosocial risk assessment was also highlighted. Conclusion: The evidence demonstrates that psychosocial risks constitute a priority issue among teachers, with direct repercussions on mental health and job performance. Strengthening preventive strategies, institutional support, and research in the field of education is needed to promote healthier and more sustainable work.
Mental health, Teachers, Burnout, Occupational health program
Erick Alexander de Jesus Chamorro Segovia
Knowledge of Environmental and Personal Hygiene Practices among Food Handlers and Students at Wellspring University, Benin City, Nigeria
Background: Foodborne illnesses are a major public health concern worldwide which often results from poor food handling and hygiene practices. This study examines the knowledge of environmental and personal hygiene practices among food handlers and students at wellspring university, Benin City, and their impact on the incidence of food poisoning. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed for the study with a sample size of 250 participants. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and the reliability coefficient was 0.77, which indicated an acceptable reliability for the study. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22, and hypotheses were tested using Chi-square statistics at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings: Most respondents (74.8%) demonstrated good knowledge of food poisoning, while 25.2% had moderate knowledge. About 66.8% reported high environmental and personal hygiene practices compared to 33.2% with low practice levels. Hygiene practices were significantly associated with knowledge of food poisoning (P = 0.001). Sanitation facilities were generally adequate, with 84.0% having hand washing sinks, 96.0% having access to running water, and 56.0% using liquid soap. The prevalence of food poisoning was 10.0%, and its occurrence was significantly associated with hygiene practices (P < 0.001). Conclusion: High food safety knowledge and adequate sanitation facilities support good hygiene practices, which are crucial in reducing the risk of foodborne illness among food handlers.
Knowledge, Environmental, Personal Hygiene Practices and Food Handlers
Access to Workplace Breastfeeding Facilities among Mothers Working in Selected Private Organizations in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria
Breastfeeding is crucial for infant health, but working mothers in the private sector face significant obstacles to exclusive breastfeeding, often due to insufficient workplace facilities. This study determined the proportion of working mothers who exclusively breastfeed, assessed the availability of workplace breastfeeding facilities, and evaluated the acceptability of existing facilities among mothers in selected private sector organizations in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed. Using multi-stage sampling. 450 working mothers were recruited from 25 private sector workplaces across five wards of Port Harcourt City Local Government Area. Data were collected via interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 26. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the proportion of mothers who exclusively breastfeed and the availability and acceptability of breastfeeding facilities. Only 39.1% of participants had ever exclusively breastfed their child, and just 4.3% were currently doing so. Regarding availability, 24.4% reported having a workplace breastfeeding facility. Of those, 17.8% found the facility close to their office, 11.1% reported a physically separated area, and only 8.9% confirmed the facility was away from the restroom. Among the 110 mothers with access to a facility, 100% expressed a preference for breastfeeding at the workplace. However, only 18.2% reported the presence of power outlets, comfortable armchairs, or breast milk storage systems. A critical gap exists between demand for and provision of workplace breastfeeding facilities in the private sector in Port Harcourt City. Employers must invest in well-equipped, private lactation spaces supported by enabling policies to improve exclusive breastfeeding rates and maternal-infant health outcomes.
Antibiogram Analysis and Biofilm Formation of Bacteria from Patients with Breast Cancer at Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching Hospital Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among women worldwide and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Nigeria. Patients often face heightened risks of bacterial infections due to immunosuppression from the disease itself and treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are associated with chronic and recurrent human infections and are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. This study investigated the antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming capabilities of bacteria isolated from breast cancer patients at Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching Hospital, Dutse. 118 bacterial isolates from six different species were examined in this cross-sectional investigation. Biochemical assays and colony morphology were used for identification. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to assess antibiotic susceptibility in accordance with CLSI standards. The gold-standard Tissue Culture Plate Method (TCPM) was used to quantify biofilm formation. S. aureus, CoNS, E. coli, Bacillus species, Proteus species, and Klebsiella species were among the pathogens found. Gram-positive isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) to rifampicin and streptomycin but remained sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Gram-negative isolates exhibited extensive resistance to older agents like streptomycin and several cephalosporins, whereas ciprofloxacin and gentamicin remained the most reliable treatments. Critically, 100% of tested MDR isolates were "strong" biofilm producers (OD > 0.68), with Klebsiella species recording the highest optical density (2.74). The universal presence of strong biofilms among MDR isolates poses a serious clinical challenge because biofilms shield bacteria from host immunity and increase antibiotic tolerance up to 1,500-fold. These findings highlight the need for routine susceptibility testing and enhanced antimicrobial stewardship in oncology.
Cancer, Malignancy, Antimicrobial, Biofilm, Chemotherapy
Workplace Conditions and their Association with Musculoskeletal Disorders among Nurses and Orderlies at a Hospital in Nicaragua
Due to the high frequency of exposure to awkward postures, repetitive movements, and manual handling of loads in the hospital setting, the association between workplace conditions and musculoskeletal disorders among nurses and orderlies at a hospital in Nicaragua was studied during 2024. The objective was to characterize the staff’s sociodemographic profile, evaluate workplace ergonomic conditions, identify musculoskeletal complaints, and analyze their association with high ergonomic risk. A quantitative, observational, descriptive, and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 148 workers, of whom 123 were nurses and 25 were orderlies. The REBA matrix, an ergonomic checklist, and the Nordic Questionnaire were used. The analysis included descriptive statistics and simple and multiple binary logistic regression. Predominance was found among nursing staff, female employees, those in the inpatient ward, and those with more than five years of service. In the ergonomic assessment, the most common factors were mixed postures, neck flexion or extension greater than 20°, pronounced knee flexion, repetitive movements, and handling loads greater than 10 kg. The lumbar region had the highest frequency of discomfort, followed by the wrist or hands. In the bivariate analysis, handling loads greater than 10 kg and poor grip quality were associated with high ergonomic risk; however, in the adjusted model, only loads greater than 10 kg maintained a significant association. It was concluded that load handling constitutes the main factor associated with high ergonomic risk and that its reduction represents a priority for hospital occupational health.
Musculoskeletal Disorders; Nursing Staff; Ergonomics; Hospitals; Occupational Health
Emergency Medicine and the Global Burden of Non Communicable Diseases:
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer are the leading causes of illness and death worldwide. Although these conditions are chronic, they can often lead to acute crises that require emergency department (ED) visits, especially when regular care is not accessible. Despite this important connection, the crucial role of emergency medicine in addressing the global NCD challenge is frequently neglected in public health policies. Objective: This study explores the relationship between emergency medicine and NCDs, examining how health systems are equipped to handle NCD-related emergencies and how disruptions in care pathways affect patient outcomes. Methods: We performed a narrative review of literature from the last ten years, utilizing sources such as PubMed, World Health Organization (WHO) reports, and global health policy documents. Our analysis focused on peer-reviewed studies and health frameworks related to acute care and public health responses to NCDs, while excluding non-empirical opinion pieces. We synthesized data across four main themes: service delivery, emergency preparedness, care disruptions, and the integration of acute and long-term care. Results: The findings indicate that EDs are increasingly becoming the first point of contact for patients with undiagnosed or poorly managed NCDs. The lack of coordination between emergency and primary care, along with deficiencies in routine management, contributes to a rise in preventable complications and hospital admissions. Conclusion: To effectively lessen the global NCD burden, health systems need to connect emergency services with long-term care. Enhancing emergency medicine and incorporating it into broader public health strategies is vital for creating resilient and prepared healthcare systems.
Care Pathway Disruptions, Emergency Medicine, Health System Integration, Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), Public Health Preparedness
Monkeypox in Focus: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Southeastern Nigeria during the Post-2022 Outbreak Era
Recent global health events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreaks have highlighted the need for proactive public health preparedness. Although Mpox did not reach pandemic status, its rapid transboundary spread from Nigeria to other continents raised concern. Effective disease response relies heavily on an informed population, especially in endemic regions. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding Mpox among residents of Southeastern Nigeria to examine the demographic factors associated with their KAP levels. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 392 residents across Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo States. A validated structured questionnaire was distributed via Google forms through online platforms (WhatsApp, Telegram e.t.c) over a three-month period adopting purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. Data generated were analyzed using SPSS version 23, with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Respondents were predominantly aged 18–37 (49.5%), female (58.9%), and had tertiary education (96.9%). Enugu State had the highest representation (33.4%). Overall, good knowledge, attitude, and practice levels were observed in 91.5%, 84.1%, and 67.4% of respondents, respectively. Knowledge and practice levels showed no significant association with sociodemographic variables. However, attitude level was significantly associated with state of residence (χ² = 10.795, df = 4, p = 0.023). Binary logistic regression showed that residents of Ebonyi State were three times more likely to have a positive attitude towards Mpox (OR = 3.288, p = 0.038). Enhanced public enlightenment campaigns are essential to sustain and improve KAP regarding Mpox and other infectious diseases in Southeastern Nigeria.
Monkeypox, KAP survey, HBM Framework, Southeastern Nigeria, public health awareness.
Impact of Electronic Health Records on Healthcare Delivery in Public Hospitals in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State.
This study examined the impact of Electronic Health Records (EHR) on healthcare delivery and identified the facilitators and barriers to EHR implementation across public hospitals in Calabar Metropolis. A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed among 334 healthcare workers. Near-universal recognition of EHR benefits was documented: improved communication (99.7%), centralized data storage (99.1%), and quick record access (95.78%). Attitude toward EHR emerged as the strongest predictor of perceived impact (β=0.378, p<0.001). Leading barriers included lack of user involvement (94.19%), distrust in system quality (85.98%), and poor training and support (84.38%). Knowledge and attitude significantly predicted facilitator scores. The study recommends participatory EHR design, sustained training, and financial investment to accelerate implementation.
Bootstrapped Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for Estimating Bias in Technical, Allocative and Economic Efficiency of Rainy and Dry Seasons Irish Potato Production in Plateau State, Nigeria
This study used the bootstrapped DEA analysis for estimating bias in the technical, allocative and economic efficiency scores of rainy and dry season’s Irish potato production among smallholder farmers in five selected Irish potato producing areas of Plateau state, North Central Nigeria. A random sample of 472 Irish Potato farmers was selected for the study. The primary data was analyzed using double bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Results of rainy season Variable Return to Scale (VRS) DEA shows average technical efficiency (TE) for radial, non-radial and bias-corrected estimates to be 0.90, 0.70 and 0.68, respectively. The mean allocative and economic efficiency level was found to be 0.74 and 0.64 respectively. The dry season VRS DEA reveals average TE for radial, non-radial and bias-corrected estimates to be0.95, 0.79 and 0.84 respectively with a mean allocative and economic efficiency of 0.60 and 0.56. The estimated radial TE scores were higher than the bias-corrected TE scores indicating overestimation of the radial scores which in turn leads to bias results. In conclusion, the bias-corrected technical efficiency scores, the dry season Irish potato farmers were more efficient in their use of input resources than their rainy season counterpart. The study recommends that extension workers and policy makers should guide policies towards expanding efficiency in the study area.
Data Envelopment Analysis, Botstrap, Bias, Technical, Allocative, Economic, Efficiency
Insights and Lessons from Mapping, Analyzing, and Assessing COVID-19 Using a Web-Based GIS Approach in Khartoum State, Sudan
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for a paradigm shift from traditional health surveillance to real-time, spatial monitoring. This research presents a comprehensive digital geospatial framework that maps and visualises the spatial spread, recovery rates, and health infrastructure of COVID-19 across the seven localities of Khartoum State using a Web-GIS approach. Its aim is to address the "health-wealth gap" caused by spatial inequalities and provides practical lessons for enhancing public health surveillance systems in Khartoum, Sudan. Using data from the Ministry of Health during the first two waves, a Web-GIS was developed to integrate epidemiological, demographic, and spatial data. Including population data for all 5,213,058 residents ensures a precise assessment of infection levels beyond case counts. ArcGIS mapping and hotspot analysis enable detailed visualisation of pandemic trends, revealing significant spatial disparities and a clear link between economic resources and health outcomes. While Khartoum's central locality, with its dense healthcare infrastructure, experienced the highest infection and recovery rates, peripheral regions such as Umbada and Sharg Elneel reported fewer cases, possibly due to underreporting. The findings emphasise that spatial disparities—not merely population density—shape transmission dynamics within Khartoum State. Based on this analysis, several actionable lessons are proposed, such as prioritising hotspots by reallocating resources to high-density residential and commercial areas identified through weekly ArcGIS maps, deploying mobile units, enhancing WASH facilities, and conducting screenings there. Implementing safe zone protocols with screenings at major hubs like Khartoum and Bahri, as well as regional transit points, is essential. Supplies such as masks and beds should be allocated based on data, focusing on densely populated areas rather than imposing broad lockdowns.
Positioning Indigenous Cuisines and their influence on Gastronomic Identity in 3–5-Star Hotels in Greater Accra, Ghana
Indigenous cuisines are emerging as a significant force driving the development of tourism and establishing a cultural identity for destinations; however, they have been given limited consideration within upscale hotel environments, especially in Ghana. This paper explores how indigenous cuisines are presented within the context of 3–5-star hotels located in the Greater Accra Region. Using Service-Dominant Logic as a guiding framework, a mixed-methods design was used in which hotels, hotel guests, and officials from Ghana Tourism Authority constituted the target population for the study. Twenty hotels were included in the population; a census approach was used for managers in these 20 hotels; a purposive sampling approach for 10 officials of Ghana Tourism Authority and finally a stratified random sample of 384 hotel guests was taken for the study. Data were obtained using structured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, and analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, regression analysis and thematic analysis. It was found that indigenous cuisines are present in the menus in hotels, there are high rating regarding diversity and authenticity of the presentation of the indigenous cuisines in hotel menus; and that there is a lack of effective strategy for promoting indigenous cuisines. A chi-square test result revealed no statistically significant association between the classification of a hotel in terms of stars and a respondent's view of whether indigenous cuisines have been included in a hotel (= 3.207, p = 0.524); however, the results of the regression show that authenticity, uniqueness, and sustainability positively influence the gastronomic identity of a hotel and exotic appeal negatively influences it. The study concludes that strategic positioning rather than a hotel's classification is what determine gastronomic identity of the country, therefore; branding of indigenous cuisines is paramount for up-scale hotels.
Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella Isolates from Cattle dung in Dairy Farms within Sokoto Metropolis
Accessing Salmonella is one of the leading causes of foodborne disease worldwide and poses a substantial public health threat. The detection of any Salmonella serotype in food renders that product unsafe for human consumption. Among the major sources of these pathogenic bacteria are bovine faeces, particularly from dairy cattle. This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella species from faecal samples collected in dairy cattle farms within Sokoto metropolis and to determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. A total of 130 faecal samples were cultured on selective media, and presumptive Salmonella isolates were confirmed using standard biochemical tests. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in the samples was 6.1%. All confirmed isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing against eight commonly used antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method. Strikingly, 100% resistance was observed to Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin, and Tetracycline. These findings indicate that apparently healthy dairy cattle in Sokoto may serve as an important reservoir of multidrug-resistant Salmonella, with serious implications for food safety and public health.
Salmonella; dairy cattle; antimicrobial resistance; fecal contamination, Sokoto
Investigation of a Rabies Outbreak Following a Human Bite by a Suspected Rabid Dog at Duhu Settlement of Madagali LGA, Adamawa State, Nigeria: A Field Epidemiologic Report
Rabies, a vaccine-preventable zoonosis, persists as a public health threat in rural Nigeria, with dog bites driving most human exposures. This field epidemiologic report investigates a suspected rabies outbreak in Duhu settlement, Madagali LGA, Adamawa State, following bites by an unvaccinated stray dog on April 26–27, 2025. A multidisciplinary team conducted rapid active surveillance on April 27, using clinical case definitions and household canvassing to assess extent, risk factors, and implement controls. Findings confirmed 26 animal cases 8 dogs (31%), 12 goats (46%), 6 sheep (23%) exhibiting aggression, restlessness, and indiscriminate biting. The index dog was killed, with its carcass improperly disposed. Four humans (Category III exposures) received timely post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), averting fatalities. Attack rate: 16% among local dogs/livestock. Key risks included zero vaccination coverage, communal grazing, and cross-border stray movements. Control measures encompassed carcass burial, animal quarantine, PEP referral, ring vaccination (150 dogs, 85% coverage), and media sensitization. No further cases emerged post-May 2025. This outbreak mirrors northeastern Nigeria's patterns, where low surveillance and <15% dog vaccination fuel transmission. It highlights One Health gaps amid pastoralist livelihoods. Recommendations urge annual mass vaccination (>70% coverage), community reporting hotlines, and integrated vet-human responses per NCDC guidelines (NCDC, 2023). Scaling these could advance Nigeria's "Zero by 30" goals, reducing economic losses and deaths.
Adamawa State, Dog-mediated Zoonosis, Field Epidemiology, Nigeria, Post-exposure Prophylaxis, Rabies outbreak
Air Pollution Assessment from Plastic Waste Combustion in Residential Areas near Dumpsites in Port Harcourt
The The combustion of plastic waste near urban dumping and incineration sites in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, poses significant environmental and public health challenges. This study evaluated air quality and health risks at five major dumpsites Eneka, Igbo-Etche, Bori, Oyigbo, and Rukpokwu during the dry season. Key air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and dioxins, were measured. Results showed PM2.5 concentrations ranging from 85 µg/m³ to 170 µg/m³, far exceeding the WHO's 24-hour guideline of 15 µg/m³. Similarly, NOx levels peaked at 240 ppb, surpassing the 100 ppb limit. Contamination Factor (CF) analysis revealed severe contamination levels for PM2.5 (CF: 5.7–11.3) and NOx (CF: 2.4), while the Degree of Contamination (DC) indicated an alarming cumulative pollution level across all sites (DC: 45–78). Health risk assessments showed a 35% higher prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among residents within 2 km of the sites, with children and the elderly being the most affected. The findings underscore the urgent need for improved waste management, stricter environmental policies, and community education to mitigate the adverse effects of plastic waste combustion. By presenting critical data on contamination and associated health risks, this research aims to guide policymakers in developing sustainable strategies to protect vulnerable populations and improve urban air quality in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2024 Direct Research Journal of Public Health and Environmental Technology
Comparative Intelligence and Adaptive Behaviours of Anopheles versus Culex Mosquitoes:
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the comparative intelligence and adaptive behaviors of Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes, two key genera involved in the transmission of significant vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and filariasis. The paper explores how their cognitive abilities, including sensory processing, learning, memory, and decision-making, influence their survival strategies, host-seeking behaviors, and responses to control measures. While Anopheles mosquitoes primarily transmit malaria through specialized behaviors such as selective blood-feeding and host detection, Culex mosquitoes’ exhibit broader host preferences and are implicated in the transmission of several other diseases, including West Nile virus. This review also addresses the behavioral adaptations of both genera in response to environmental pressures and control strategies, such as insecticides and repellents, emphasizing their evolving resistance to conventional methods. The implications of these adaptive behaviors for enhancing surveillance and vector control strategies are discussed, highlighting how a deeper understanding of mosquito cognition could improve control tactics. This study also suggests new approaches to mosquito control based on behavioral modification and cognitive disruption, proposing a shift towards more targeted, behavior-based interventions. Future research directions are outlined, focusing on the role of mosquito intelligence in disease transmission dynamics and the development of integrated, sustainable control strategies.
Anopheles mosquitoes, Culex mosquitoes, behavioral adaptation, vector control strategies, mosquito intelligence
Nwoke and Harrison, (2025). ASSESSMENT OF SOME ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS (PHENOLS AND PARABENS) IN SELECTED COSMETICS IN PORT HARCOURT MARKET
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as phenols and parabens are widely incorporated into cosmetics, yet their occurrence in products sold in Nigerian markets remains poorly documented. This study assessed the concentrations of these contaminants in three commonly used cosmetics (aloe vera gel cream, pure white body lotion, and papaya cream) purchased from market in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Samples were collected, homogenized, and subjected to solvent-based extraction followed by chromatographic determination. Results revealed substantial variation across product types: total phenols reached 1000 μg/kg in the same product, led by dichlorophenols and methylphenols; and total parabens peaked at 257 μg/kg in papaya cream, with propyl- and isopropyl-parabens as the main contributors. Pure White body lotion exhibited intermediate levels of all three classes with phenols 869 μg/kg and parabens 68 μg/kg. Although individual concentrations remained below current European Union and NAFDAC permissible limits. The co-occurrence of multiple EDCs in single products raises concern regarding potential additive or synergistic effects from daily dermal exposure. The findings confirm cosmetics as a modifiable source of EDC exposure in an urban Nigerian population and highlight product-specific contamination patterns influenced by formulation and intended function. The study provides data for these compounds in locally marketed cosmetics in Port Harcourt. It is recommended that NAFDAC introduce specific maximum limits and mandatory ingredient disclosure for EDCs, while manufacturers should prioritize safer alternatives. Expanded biomonitoring and broader product screening are urged to strengthen risk assessment and protect public health.
Endocrine disruptive compounds, parabens, phenols
Histopathological Evidence of Liver and Spleen Alterations Following Sub-Chronic Glyphosate Exposure in Wistar Rats
Glyphosate-based herbicides are extensively used worldwide, raising and increasing concerns regarding their potential toxicological effects on non-target organisms. This study evaluated the effects of sub-chronic exposure to a commercial glyphosate-based herbicide on histopathological alterations in the liver and spleen of Wistar rats, with oxidative stress and inflammation related changes inferred from tissue morphology and supported by existing mechanistic evidence in the literature. Sixty adult Wistar rats (n = 5 per group) were randomly assigned to one control and four treatment groups and orally administered graded doses of 0.1, 0.a, 0.5,0.7, and 0.9 mg/kg body weight once daily for 28 consecutive days. Histopathological assessment was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and lesion severity was semi-quantitatively scored on a standardized grading scale. Results demonstrated a significant dose-dependent increase in hepatic lesions. Mild hepatocellular degeneration was observed in 25% of rats at 0.1 mg/kg, whereas 75–90% of rats exposed to 0.7–0.9 mg/kg exhibited marked hepatocellular degeneration, sinusoidal congestion, and inflammatory infiltration (p < 0.05 vs. control). Hepatic lesion severity scores increased from 0.4 ± 0.2 in controls to 3.6 ± 0.3 in the highest dose group. Similarly, splenic architectural disruption was observed in 20% of low-dose animals and increased to 80% in high-dose groups, characterized by lymphoid follicle depletion, red pulp congestion, and inflammatory infiltration (p < 0.05). Overall, glyphosate exposure produced a statistically significant, dose-related increase in histopathological damage in both organs. Although oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways were not directly quantified, the observed structural alterations are consistent with previously reported oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms of glyphosate toxicity. These findings highlight the potential systemic risks associated with repeated glyphosate exposure and underscore the importance of integrated multi-organ toxicity assessment in regulatory safety evaluations.
Glyphosate; Oxidative stress; Inflammation; Liver; Spleen; Histopathology; Immunotoxicity; Wistar rats
Awareness and Willingness to Pay for Osun Health Insurance Scheme in Rural Areas of the State
Accessing quality health care services at affordable costs with easy mode of payments is a serious problem especially among the already impoverished rural households in Nigeria. This study examined the health status, awareness and willingness to pay (WTP) for Osun Health Insurance Scheme (OHIS) among rural farming households in Osun State. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select 583 rural farming households from six (out of thirty) Local Government Areas in the State. The primary data collected with the aid of structured questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a logistic regression model. Majority (61.1%) recorded two morbidities in three months, malaria was the most reported illness (90.6%), radio jingles was the most popular source of awareness about the OHIS (96.1%) and households’ monthly health expenditure was N15,260.72± N6,644.94. The WTP calculated from the single-bounded dichotomous format was N4,170.47 while WTP from response to open-ended CV survey was N1,216.12 per person per month. The explanatory variables that significantly influenced the willingness to pay include the sex, age, and years of schooling of household heads, household size, marital status, awareness of NHIS and OHIS, perceived workability, prefer OHIS, and affordability of the premium. Others are the frequency of sickness, sleeping under insecticides-treated nets (ITNs), a household member suffering ailment, bronchitis/tuberculosis and arthritis. It is concluded that the respondent households are willing to pay more if OHIS could be rendering more quality health services through her accredited healthcare service providers. Proper awareness creation via radio stations and open campaigns by the OHIS team to educate rural households on the need to key into this laudable scheme; and close monitoring of the OHIS-accredited healthcare providers to guarantee quality healthcare services delivery are recommended.
E-HEALTH ADOPTION AND UTILIZATION AMONG HEALTH CENTRES AND INSTITUTIONS WITHIN THE GREATER ACCRA REGION OF GHANA
This study investigates the adoption and utilization of eHealth systems among healthcare managers and professionals in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The study employed a quantitative survey design, collecting data from 1,640 respondents across 82 healthcare institutions using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation, were used to analyze the data. The findings show that eHealth adoption is generally low, with basic digital tools such as multimedia devices, internet connectivity, and imaging systems being the most frequently used, while advanced technologies like telemedicine, video conferencing, and tele-consulting systems are minimally adopted. Among the professional and individual characteristics examined, computer anxiety and years of professional experience were moderately associated with eHealth utilization. Major constraints to adoption include perceived corruption in procurement processes, limited managerial commitment to technology investment, and low awareness of available ICT solutions. These findings suggest the need for interventions focused on reducing psychological barriers, enhancing institutional governance, and improving awareness and training to support more effective and widespread eHealth use.
Assessing the Knowledge and Practice of Solid Medical Waste Management among Private Hospitals in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
Effective medical waste management is essential for protecting public health and the environment. The study examined private hospitals in Port Harcourt metropolis and their medical waste management practices with special interest in their handling procedure and technique(s) used. World Health Organisation (WHO) standard proceedures via segregation at source, using coloured coded containers, Storage for 24hours e, treatment and disposal through autoclaving or incineration were mployed to ascertain their management practice. The study data were collected through questionnaire administration, interviews and field study. Twenty hospitals which provide services for low, middle and high income earners were randomly selected for this study in Port Harcourt City and Obio-Akpor local government areas, in Rivers State Nigeria. The results for the minimum and maximum wastes generated over 7 days as weighed from a facility in each LGA were 15.8kg/67.0kg (Obio-Akpor LGA) and 25.1kg/101.5kg (Port Harcourt City LGA) respectively. The mean waste generated for all the facilities was 40.1kg. Analysis showed a significant non-compliance to World Health Organization (WHO) standard proceedures. The findings reveal that the procedure for medical waste management were inadequate with the use of a central waste collection method, thus indicates that these hospitals fell below the recommended waste management practices as prescribed by WHO. The high generation of medical waste in the study area is a proof that medical waste management is problematic. Based on the findings, it is recommended that an awareness sensitization be created to achieve better medical waste handling and forestall a sustainable environment.
Healthcare Waste, Waste Management, Knowledge, Medical Waste Policy, WHO Compliance, Nigeria, Environmental Health
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Health Education Intervention on Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices among First-Time Mothers in Jere LGA, Borno State of Nigeria: A Quasi-Experimental Pre-Test–Post-Test Study
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) remains suboptimal in conflict-affected and humanitarian settings such as Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, where insecurity, population displacement, disrupted health services, and entrenched sociocultural norms undermine optimal infant feeding practices. First-time mothers are particularly vulnerable to misinformation and limited access to skilled breastfeeding support. A quasi-experimental single-group pre-test–post-test study was conducted among 100 first-time mothers in Jere Local Government Area, Borno State. Baseline data on EBF knowledge and practices were collected using a structured WHO/UNICEF-adapted questionnaire. Participants received a structured, theory-informed health education intervention delivered through interactive sessions. Post-intervention assessment was conducted three months after the intervention. Paired t-tests and McNemar’s chi-square tests were used to assess changes in knowledge and practices, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. At baseline, although 91% of mothers had initiated breastfeeding, only 19% practiced exclusive breastfeeding. Following the intervention, the proportion of mothers practicing EBF increased to 81%. Mean knowledge scores improved significantly from 60.0 ± 15.0 at baseline to 85.0 ± 10.0 post-intervention (p < 0.001). The health education intervention was associated with significant improvements in exclusive breastfeeding knowledge and practices among first-time mothers in this conflict-affected humanitarian setting. Integrating structured breastfeeding education into routine maternal health services, even within fragile and resource-constrained contexts, may strengthen EBF outcomes in similar humanitarian emergencies.
Exclusive breastfeeding; health education intervention; first-time mothers; quasi-experimental study; conflict-affected settings; maternal health education
Waste Management Practices and Their Public Health Implications in Some Selected Markets in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja
This study assessed waste management practices and their public health implications in selected markets within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. Rapid urbanization and commercial activities in major markets such as Wuse, Garki, Gwagwalada, and Kuje have resulted in increased waste generation, yet management practices remain inadequate. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 382 respondents using structured questionnaires, interviews with market officials and environmental personnel, and direct field observations. Findings revealed that organic waste constituted the highest proportion of market waste (46.3%), followed by plastics (28.0%) and paper waste (12.0%), reflecting the predominance of food-related trading activities. Waste management practices were largely substandard, with 52.0% of traders engaging in open dumping, while only 30.0% used waste bins. Recycling was minimally practiced across all stakeholder groups. Awareness of the health risks of improper waste disposal was moderately high (61.0%); however, this did not translate into appropriate waste handling behaviors. Public health implications were evident as 47.5% of respondents reported vector-borne diseases such as malaria, typhoid, and cholera linked to poor market sanitation, while respiratory infections (18.8%) and gastrointestinal illnesses (12.5%) were also reported. The study concludes that poor waste management practices in FCT markets significantly compromise environmental hygiene and increase disease risks among traders and consumers. Strengthening institutional capacity, improving waste infrastructure, enforcing environmental regulations, and promoting public awareness and behavioral change are essential for achieving sustainable market sanitation and safeguarding public health in Abuja.
Waste management, public health, Abuja, environmental health, waste disposal
Chronic Exposure to Indiscriminately Applied Insecticides: Neuro-Immuno-Genotoxic Injury and Carcinogenic Susceptibility across Human Populations
This review examines the neurotoxic, immunotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects of chronic exposure to insecticides, with a focus on the widespread indiscriminate use of insecticides in agricultural, urban, and residential settings. Insecticides, including organophosphates, pyrethroids, and carbamates, have been linked to a variety of adverse health outcomes, particularly among populations with prolonged exposure such as agricultural workers and communities living near sprayed areas. The neurotoxic effects of these chemicals disrupt neurotransmission, leading to cognitive impairments, neurodegenerative diseases, and developmental disorders. Additionally, insecticides compromise immune responses, impairing immune cell function and increasing susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases through oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, chronic exposure to insecticides induces DNA damage and chromosomal instability, contributing to the genotoxic effects that raise the risk of cancer. These injuries are often linked to alterations in tumor suppressor genes like TP53, which increase cancer susceptibility, particularly leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate cancer. Epidemiological studies support these findings, underscoring the need for effective regulations to mitigate these health risks. The review emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable pest control alternatives, such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biopesticides, as well as global policy improvements and enhanced public health initiatives to protect vulnerable populations from the harmful effects of chronic insecticide exposure.
Insecticides, Neurotoxicity, Immunotoxicity, Genotoxicity, Carcinogenesis, Chronic Exposure, Public Health, Agricultural Chemica
Ecological Consequences of Forest Change on Insect Vector Abundance, Extinction Risk, and Disease Transmission
Forest ecosystems, covering approximately 31% of Earth's land area, are critical in maintaining biodiversity and regulating ecological processes. However, deforestation, fragmentation, and climate change significantly impact forest structure and function, with profound consequences on insect vector populations and disease transmission dynamics. Insects, particularly vectors of diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Lyme disease, rely heavily on forest habitats for breeding, feeding, and shelter. Forest alterations disrupt these habitats, leading to increased vector abundance and disease transmission risk. Deforestation, fragmentation, and urbanization can alter the distribution of vector species, including mosquitoes and ticks, pushing them into human-dominated environments and enhancing their interaction with human populations. Additionally, climate change further exacerbates these effects by influencing temperature and precipitation patterns, extending vector breeding seasons and altering geographic distribution. This review synthesizes the ecological consequences of forest changes on insect vector abundance, extinction risk, and disease transmission, focusing on how forest disturbances influence vector behavior and contribute to the spread of vector-borne diseases. We explore case studies on malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, Lyme disease in North America, and Zika outbreaks in South America, highlighting the role of forest change in altering vector habitats and increasing disease risk. This review also emphasizes the need for integrated approaches to forest management and disease control, advocating for sustainable practices and ecological restoration to mitigate the health risks associated with forest degradation. It calls for increased public health awareness and policies that recognize the interconnectedness of ecosystem health and disease dynamics.
Forest change, insect vectors, disease transmission, deforestation, climate change
Influence of Agricultural Activities and Forest Degradation on Mosquito Breeding Patterns, Abundance in and around Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
This study assessed the influence of agricultural activities and forest degradation on mosquito breeding patterns and abundance in and around Federal University Dutse (FUD), Jigawa State, Nigeria (11.70°N, 9.34°E). A comparative cross-sectional design was employed across five land-use types: intact forest, degraded forest, non-rice farmland, rice fields, and livestock areas. Environmental parameters including temperature, relative humidity, pH, canopy cover, and water depth were measured, while mosquito larvae and adults were collected using WHO-standard dipping and sweep net techniques. Results revealed significant variations in environmental conditions among land-use types (p < 0.05). Intact forests recorded the lowest mean temperature (27.30 °C) and highest canopy cover (78.40 %), while livestock areas exhibited the highest temperature (32.10 °C) and lowest canopy cover (22.35 %). Mosquito larval density varied significantly (F = 15.61; p < 0.001) with the highest in rice fields (7.85 ± 1.45 larvae/dip) and the lowest in intact forests (1.85 ± 0.42 larvae/dip). Three species—Anopheles gambiae (27.7%), Culex quinquefasciatus (28.8%), and Aedes aegypti (13.8%)—were identified. Larval density correlated positively with temperature (r = 0.66), water depth (r = 0.71), and farming intensity (r = 0.75), but negatively with canopy cover (r = –0.58). Regression analysis indicated that farming intensity (β = 1.75; p = 0.001) and water depth (β = 0.25; p = 0.007) were the strongest predictors of larval abundance (R² = 0.81). The study concludes that agricultural intensification and forest degradation significantly enhance mosquito breeding habitats, particularly in rice and livestock farming zones. These findings underscore the need for integrated vector management strategies linked to sustainable land-use planning around educational institutions in semi-arid regions of Nigeria.
Agricultural intensification; Forest degradation; Mosquito abundance
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