Direct Research Journal of Health and Pharmacology
Direct Research Journal of Health and Pharmacology (DRJHP) (ISSN 2449-0814) is an international research journal that is aim at publishing the most exciting, cutting-edge research in various areas of Health and Pharmacology Research. It also aimed at providing the most rapid turn-around time possible for reviewing and publishing. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published approximately one month after acceptance. All articles published in DRJHP will be peer-reviewed. Our objective is to inform authors of the decision on their manuscript within three weeks of submission. Following acceptance, a paper will normally be published in the next available issue. ARTICLE PROCESSING COST = 655USD FOR AUTHOR OTHER COUNTRIES OR 75000 NAIRA FOR NIGERIA. AUTHORS CAN APPLY FOR PARTIAL WAIVER TO THE JOURNAL EDITORIAL AT editorialoffice@directresearchpublisher.org
Prevalence and Selected Risk Factors Associated with Hypertension among Adults in Ogbia Town, Bayelsa State, Nigeria: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study
This study determines the prevalence and some factors associated with hypertension among adults residing for the past three years and above in Ogbia town, Bayelsa State. Methods: The method adopted for this study was a cross-sectional design to select all 234 consented participants within the ages of 30-60 years and above using simple random technique. Digital blood pressure instrument (Omron) was used to take the blood pressure from the left arm in a sitting position; bathroom weight scale, structured questionnaire etc were among the instrument used to obtain all required data for this study. Results: The outcome from this study shows that adult within the ages of 30-39yrs (36.8%) and 50-59yrs (17.5%) make-up the highest and least population among the considered adults male and female in this study. Trading (22.2%) and civil service work (22.2%) was their main occupation followed by farming (17.1%) and artisan (4.7%) as the least. The respondent’s monthly income was mostly between 30,000-50,000 (32.0%) naira. The blood pressure of the participants statistically shows significant p-value ≤0.00 pre-hypertension of 134/84mmHg with a percentage difference of 21.84% among the male adults compared with the females of 127/66mmHg systolic and diastolic blood pressures respectively. The BMI among the males (26.08kg/m²) was also significantly (≤0.00) higher than their female (21.79kg/m²) counterparts. The percentage prevalence of overall hypertension among the adults was 29.1% and 76.5% pre-hypertension. The associated factors identified with the participant’s elevated blood pressure were regular excessive salt (78.2%) and alcoholic (63.2%) consumption intake followed by stress (76.9%), overweight (26.08 kg/m²), smoking (28.6%) and lack of regular exercise while some major identifiable symptoms associated with hypertension among participants with high blood pressure during measurement was frequent headache (82.5%), blurred vision (76.5%), dizziness (76.1%) and fatigue (74.0%) respectively. Conclusion: Health workers in the community in collaboration with the state ministry of health should address the knowledge gap on excessive consumption of alcohol and salt intake by creating awareness campaign measures and seminar presentations to the adult residents of Ogbia town on the importance of moderation in dietary and sedentary life style habits.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Teenage Pregnancy among Female Students in Public Secondary Schools in Uturu, Isuikwato Local Government Area, Abia State
Background: Teenage pregnancy remains a major public health concern because of its adverse health, educational, and social consequences for adolescent girls, their children, families, and communities. Evidence from school-based populations in Uturu, Isuikwato Local Government Area, remains limited. Objective: This study determined the prevalence of teenage pregnancy, identified factors associated with teenage pregnancy, and examined educational implications among female students in Uturu, Isuikwato Local Government Area, Abia State. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among female students in five public secondary schools. A total of 216 respondents participated in the study (response rate: 100%), and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Respondents aged 17 years constituted the largest age group (51, 23.6%). Participants were Christians (185, 85.6%), resided in rural areas (149, 70.0%), and were in senior secondary school (145, 67.1%). Among respondents who had ever had sexual intercourse (148, 68.5%), 82 (55.4%) reported pregnancy. The most frequently reported factors associated with teenage pregnancy were poverty (24, 29.3%), peer pressure (14, 17.1%), and sexual abuse (10, 12.2%). School withdrawal (41, 50.0%) and below-average academic performance following pregnancy (35, 42.7%) were the most commonly reported educational implications. Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy was common among female students and was associated with educational and health-related challenges. Comprehensive sexuality education, strengthened parent-child communication, adolescent-responsive reproductive health services, poverty-sensitive interventions, and measures to prevent sexual abuse may contribute to reducing teenage pregnancy and its associated consequences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Direct Research Journal of Health and Pharmacology
Evaluation of Herbal Medicine Efficacy and Safety Claims from User’s Perspective: A Qualitative Semi-Structured Interview Study in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Herbal medicines remain widely used in Nigeria because of their affordability, accessibility, cultural acceptance, and perceived therapeutic benefits. However, increasing commercialization has raised concerns regarding the validity of efficacy claims and the safety of herbal products. This study explored users’ perceptions of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines among residents of Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, southeastern Nigeria. A qualitative study employing semi-structured in-depth interviews was conducted between July and September 2025 among adult herbal medicine users in Abakaliki. Participants were purposively recruited from churches and selected health centres, with maximum variation sampling used to ensure diversity in demographic characteristics and herbal medicine experiences. Eligibility criteria included being aged 18 years or older, resident in Abakaliki, and having used herbal medicine within the preceding 12 months. Data collection continued until saturation was reached, resulting in 35 participants (51.4% female; mean age 34.7 ± 12.1 years). Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Herbal medicine use was deeply embedded in participants’ health-seeking practices, with most reporting use since childhood. Key perceived advantages included accessibility and availability (n = 28), absence of side effects (n = 25), affordability (n = 22), and ease of self-medication (n = 18). Dissatisfaction with conventional healthcare was linked to high healthcare costs (n = 12) and long waiting times (n = 10). Family members (n = 24) and traditional healers (n = 15) were the primary sources of information. Perceived efficacy was highest for remedies obtained from relatives and trusted traditional practitioners, whereas commercially marketed products were more frequently associated with inconsistent outcomes. Safety concerns were mainly attributed to misuse, contamination, adulteration, and improper preparation rather than the remedies themselves. The findings demonstrate that herbal medicine use is shaped by accessibility, cultural beliefs, and personal experiences. Strengthening regulatory oversight, improving community-based safety education, and incorporating users’ perspectives into policy development may promote the safe and rational use of herbal medicines.
Electronic Health Records Implementation in Government own Hospitals Across Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria
This study assessed the level of Electronic Health Records (EHR) implementation in Government own hospitals across Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive design was adopted, involving 334 healthcare workers from five public hospitals. Data were collected using a structured, validated questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate regression. Approximately 50.3% of respondents reported moderate EHR implementation, while 49.7% reported low implementation. Personnel resources were identified as the most available (45.51%), while inadequate funding was the greatest challenge (31.94%). Manual data transmission dominated at 90.42%. Significant variations in implementation levels were observed across professional categories, staff status, and years of service. The study recommends targeted capacity building, infrastructural investment, and inclusive implementation strategies.
Electronic Health Records, EHR Implementation, Healthcare Delivery, Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria
In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Carica papaya Leaf and Seed Extracts on Ascarid Eggs
This study was conducted to comparatively assess the In vitro anthelmintic activity of Carica papaya leaf and seed extracts on Ascarid (Ascaridia galli and Ascaris suum) eggs. Five concentrations of methanol and aqueous extracts of the plant parts (3.125 mg/ml, 6.25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml and 50mg/ml) were prepared and tested against embryo inhibition of the eggs of Ascaridia galli and Ascaris suum using albendazole as the positive control and 0.1% sulphoric acid solution as the negative control. Phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, fixed oils and reducing sugars of glycosides present in all the crude extracts of Carica papaya. All the crude extracts prepared were able to inhibit embryo in eggs of Ascaris of pigs and poultry. The Interaction of Pawpaw leaf and seed extract at varying concentration on cumulative embryonation of eggs of Ascaridia galli and Ascaris suum in-vitro was highly significant (3.44+ 0.183; 3.95+ 0.154) values with aqueous seed extracts when compared with albendazole (4.24+ 0.000; 3.95 + 0.000) P<0.05 while the Interaction of Pawpaw leaf and seed extract at varying concentration on cumulative unembryonated egg of Ascaridia galli and Ascaris suum in-vitro also showed a high significant difference (19.69+ 0.052;19.54+ 0.053) P<0.05 when compared with albendazole (19.43+ 0.000; 19.54+ 0.000). Furthermore, there was no statistiscal difference (P>0.05) in the interaction of Pawpaw leaf and seed extract at varying concentration on unembryonated egg of Ascaris suumand Ascaridia galli in vitro as all activities on inhibition embryonation were same with increase in concentration from 3.125 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml. The outcome of the current study has provided a scientific justification for the preference of the seeds of Carica papaya for the treatment of helminth infections and has shown that the fixed oils present in the seeds could be responsible for such activity.
Carica papaya, seed, leaf, Ascaridia galli Ascaris suum embryonated, unembryonated, Phytochemical, Pigs, Poultry, Extracts, Concentrations, Scientific, Treatment, Albendazole, Inhibition, In vitro
Assessment of community risk perception on household rats (Rattus rattus) as a reservoir of pathogenic leptospira in Sokoto Metropolis, Sokoto State, North western Nigeria
This study examines community perceptions of risk regarding household rats (Rattus rattus) as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira in the Sokoto metropolis of Northwestern Nigeria, an area facing rapid urbanization, poor sanitation, and widespread rodent infestation. Rodents are well-known reservoirs and vectors for numerous zoonotic diseases, including leptospirosis, a neglected yet significant tropical infection. Despite its public health importance, awareness and attitudes towards rodent-borne diseases in Sokoto remain insufficiently studied, hindering effective control measures. Using a cross-sectional survey, data were gathered from 212 residents across five local government areas of Sokoto metropolis. A structured, pre-validated questionnaire was employed to collect information on demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to rodents and rodent-borne diseases. The majority of respondents were male (86.8%), with a median age of 51 years; most households kept livestock and lived in modern houses. Overall, 67.9% of participants exhibited good knowledge about rodent-borne diseases, yet only 9.9% specifically linked rodents to Leptospira infections. Attitudes towards prevention were largely positive, as 98.6% supported protective actions such as proper food storage and rodent control measures. Statistical analysis showed significant associations between knowledge levels and sociodemographic factors including age, education, occupation, housing type, and sanitation facilities. Notably, higher education, especially secondary and tertiary levels was strongly associated with better knowledge (adjusted odds ratio for college/university education = 9.06, p < 0.001). There was also a strong positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.733, p < 0.01), suggesting that more informed individuals tend to adopt more proactive preventive behaviors. Despite broad awareness of general rodent-related health risks, knowledge specific to leptospirosis was limited, and some misconceptions remained. Respondents identified government health officials as the primary agents responsible for disseminating information about rodent-borne diseases, highlighting the vital role of official health communication. Rodenticide was the most commonly favored control method, followed by maintaining cats and using traps. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive, culturally appropriate health education programs aimed at vulnerable populations. Promoting integrated One Health strategies will be critical to reducing leptospirosis and other rodent-associated infections in urban Nigerian settings. This study provides essential epidemiological and behavioral insights to inform public health interventions targeting zoonotic disease risks in rapidly urbanizing areas of Nigeria.
Assessment, Community Risk Perception, Household Rats (Rattus Rattus), Leptospira, Nigeria, Reservoir, Sokoto Metropolis
Copyright (c) 2025 Direct Research Journal of Health and Pharmacology
The neonatal period, encompassing the first 28 days of a newborn’s life, is a critical and vulnerable phase. During this time, infants are highly susceptible to a wide range of diseases and disorders that can significantly impact their health and development. Neonatal diseases are still the leading public health problems in low-resource settings, e.g., serious infections neonatal encephalopathy, and neonatal preterm birth complications. In sub-Saharan Africa, neonatal sepsis caused an estimated 5.3–8.7 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and an economic burden of over 469 billion US dollars in 2014. However, the considerable disequilibrium of neonatal disorders was found across regions and countries, deeply dependent on the local demographics and socioeconomic status. Neonatal care has significant impact in the prevention and management of neonatal diseases worldwide. This review aims to provide an overview of common neonatal disorders, highlighting their cause/risk factors, diagnosis, prevention and available treatment options. The review also highlights the role of the health care providers and parents in prevention, early detection, diagnoses of these disorders, and prompt management for a better health outcome for the neonates. The review delves into the most prevalent and life-threatening conditions faced by neonates, including infections, respiratory distress syndrome, congenital anomalies, neurological disorders, and metabolic disorders. By emphasizing the importance of early detection and multidisciplinary collaboration, this review aims to contribute to improved neonatal care and enhanced overall neonatal health.
Neonate, disorders, congenital disorders, genetics, gestational age, birth injuries, respiratory disorders
Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Osun State, Nigeria
This research aimed to elucidate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Osun State, Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional study involving 200 T2DM patients and 100 non-diabetic controls, selected through random sampling. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic information, medical history, lifestyle habits, psychological and emotional statuses, and experiences related to erectile function. Anthropometric parameters including height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured. A significant proportion of T2DM patients experienced erectile dysfunction compared to the control group (62.5% vs 37.0%, p<0.0001). The prevalence of ED was notably higher in individuals who had been diagnosed with T2DM for a longer duration. Pertinently, T2DM patients had higher incidences of complications such as high blood pressure and heart disease, and were more likely to have a history of surgeries or injuries related to the pelvic or genital area. Furthermore, diabetic individuals had significantly higher values in anthropometric parameters such as BMI, WC, and WHR compared to controls, all potentially contributing to the heightened prevalence of ED in this group. The study unearthed a substantial prevalence of erectile dysfunction among T2DM patients in Osun State, Nigeria, with notable associations to both physical and psychological health parameters. The findings suggest a critical need for integrated management approaches addressing lifestyle modifications, psychological support, and timely medical interventions to improve the quality of life of T2DM patients facing erectile dysfunction.
Health Information Managers Quality Service Delivery in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospitals Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria
This study therefore, examined the Quality Service Delivery of Health Information Managers by Patients Attendance in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospitals Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria. The study employed survey research design. The population comprised 43,155 Patients Attendance in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospitals Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria. Proportionate stratified sampling was used for selecting the patients for the study. This technique was based on the proportion of sample representation in the population of the study. This technique was used to divide the patients sample by inpatients and Out patients to enable the researcher administer the questionnaires without biased to the patients in the study area. The sample size was 169in and out Patients Attendance. Data were collected with structured and validated questionnaires. Findings showed that showed that the extent of quality service delivery in Ahmadu Bello University teaching hospital, was high (x̅=3.30), on a scale of 4. Further details from the analysis depict that all the indicators of quality service delivery show high values: assurance (x̅=3.32), empathy (x̅=3.31), tangibles (x̅=3.30), responsiveness (x̅=3.29) and reliability (x̅=3.26). The study concluded that for health information managers to deliver quality service in their job the barriers militating against quality service delivery in ABU teaching hospitals Zaria must be addressed to improve quality service delivery. The study recommended that quality service delivery in ABU teaching hospital Zaria was high. Management of the teaching hospitals should make continual efforts to sustain key indicators of quality service delivery such as security of patients’ files, protection of request forms, easy retrieval of patients’ records and availability of physical infrastructures.
Parenthood and Drug Abuse among Youths in Andoni Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria
The study on parenthood and drug abuse among young people in Andoni Local Government Area, Rivers State, was motivated by the uncontrollable use of illicit drugs, alcoholism, and other controlled drugs, as well as their manifestations in crime, moral decay, health issues, poor academic interest, and a high social life. The study used a descriptive, cross-sectional research design. The required data was collected using a structured questionnaire, with a sample size of 440 and a multistage sampling method. The findings revealed a connection between teenage drug abuse in Andoni L.G.A. of Rivers State and the manner of parenting. The findings showed that among young people with good parentage, drug abuse was related to 88 (32.2%) of them, while drug abuse was also connected to 38 (28.5%) of those with bad parentage. Accordingly, the findings imply a connection between good parenting and the high prevalence of drug usage among young people in Andoni L.G.A., Rivers State. The study came to the conclusion that these findings highlight the intricate interaction of factors influencing young people's behaviour and demand an all-encompassing strategy to address substance addiction issues in this group.
Cultural Competence Practices among Health Information Professionals in university of Jos Teaching Hospital
This study investigated the Cultural competence practices among health information professionals in university of Jos teaching hospital. Survey research design was used for the study. The population comprised 76,health information professionals in university of Jos teaching hospital. The total enumeration sample size was adopted for this study. Structured and validated questionnaires were used to collect data. A return rate of 81% was achieved respectively for the health information professionals in university of Jos teaching hospital. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings showed that health information professionals exhibited Cultural competence practices among health information professionals in university of Jos teaching hospital (x̅= 2.98). Health information professionals exhibited cultural competence university of Jos teaching hospital, in respect of cultural desire (x̅= 3.31), cultural awareness (x̅= 3.10), cultural skills (x̅= 3.04), cultural knowledge (x̅= 2.87) and cultural encounters (x̅= 2.59). This implies that health information professionals exhibited cultural competence more in university of Jos teaching hospital, in terms of cultural desire followed by cultural awareness, cultural skills, cultural knowledge and cultural encounters. The study concluded by examined the Cultural competence practices among health information professionals in university of Jos teaching hospital. The study is successful as the objective has been achieved. Nigeria are culturally competent. The study recommended that the health information professionals exhibited cultural competence in university of Jos teaching hospital. This should be sustained by increasing the capacity of health information professionals and instilling cultural competence virtues in the mind of health information professionals in university of Jos teaching hospital.
Perception of and Adherent to Anaemia Preventive Strategies among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Selected Hospitals in Benin city, Edo State, Nigeria
This study examined the perception of and adherence to anaemia preventive strategies among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected hospitals in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was adopted in this study. The accidental sampling technique was adopted in selecting the 598 respondents sampled for the study from the population. A validated 20 items four-point modified Likert scale questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. The face and content validity of the instrument was established by experts. The reliability estimates of 0.86 of the instruments were established using the test-retest method. Multiple linear regression statistical tools were used to test the hypothesis formulated for the study. The hypothesis was tested at a 0.05 level of significance. The results obtained from the data analysis revealed that there is a significant influence of the predictor variables (perception of and adherence to anaemia preventive strategies) among pregnant women attending ante natal clinics in selected hospitals in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The finding concludes that there is a significant influence of the predictor variables (perception of and adherence to anaemia preventive strategies) among pregnant women attending ante natal clinics in selected hospitals in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Based on the finding of the study it was recommended that the presence of low knowledge and adherence to anaemia prevention suggests the need for an intensification of education on anaemia and its prevention strategies by health professionals and collaborators at all levels of health delivery services to all women in reproductive age. This should include more education and sensitization on good nutritional practices in the diet of pregnant women.
Influence of Health Information Management on Chronic Patient Care in Selected Public Healthcare Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria: Using the Lens of Henry Fayol’s 14 Management Principles
Delivery of healthcare services for patients with chronic disease is an enduring process of diverse activities that require accurate and quality health information management across different healthcare settings for expertise, collaboration, and informed decision-making and planning. As a result, this study investigated the influence of health information management on chronic patient care in selected healthcare institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria, using the lens of Henri Fayol’s 14 management principles. A cross-sectional descriptive survey research design with purposive and simple random sampling techniques was used. A sample of 101 respondents was used, and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools like simple percentage frequency. The results of the grand total overall responses revealed that very high extent had 838 (59.3%) as the highest responses, followed by high extent option responses with 501 (35.5%), while very low extent had 23 (1.6), and it connotes that Fayol’s 14 managerial principles are fundamental for effective health information management for quality patient care and also established that poor leadership, rigid bureaucratic processes, poor employer-employee relations, and a lack of professional manpower, among others, are crucial factors that would hinder effective implementation of Fayol’s 14 principles of management in healthcare institutions. The study recommended that governments at all levels implement Fayol’s management principles and also facilitate an enabling environment for quality chronic patient care management.
Evaluation of the Schistosomicidal Potentials of Carica papaya (Pawpaw) Extracts on the Control of Schistosomiasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease
The study was conducted to evaluate the Schistosomicidal potential of Carica papaya, which is known for its broad spectrum therapeutic properties. The herb came from Sokun village, where it is traditionally used to heal diseases. The stem bark was peeled; air dried at room temperature, crushed and sieved into standardized particles, then extracted with ethanol and distilled water. Phenols were the most abundant phytochemicals in all extracts except the seeds ethanol extracts, which were undetectable. Cardiac glycosides were detected in all of the extracts, albeit in negligible levels. The seeds extracts contained a significant concentration of alkaloids, however the stem lacked them. The stem ethanol extract was the most effective, killing all ten snails (100%) at the lowest and highest doses (50mg/l and 150mg/l, respectively). Other extracts that resulted in 100% mortality include seed ethanol extract (150 mg/l) and stem water extract (150 mg/l). The stem water extract killed a maximum of 104.65% of snails. LD50 is the lowest dose required to kill 50% of the snails. The stem ethanol extract had the lowest calculated LD50, 2.437mg/l, followed by the stem water extract (104.65mg/l). The aqueous extract of seed ethanol had the highest LD50 at 127.71mg/l. The stem ethanol extract killed a maximum of three miracidia at a dosage of 10mg/l. The stem ethanol extract at concentrations of 15mg/l and 5mg/l both killed one miracidium. The lowest LT50 was 70.77 minutes recorded for 10mg/l of the stem ethanol extract. LT values for 5mg/l and 10mg/l of seeds water extracts could not be computed because they did not kill miracidia. The results indicated that miracidia exhibited a high level of tolerance to all extracts from this plant. At low concentrations of 50,100 and 150µg/l no deaths were recorded for all plant extracts. When the concentrations were increased to 50, 100, and 150mg/l cercariae exhibited intolerance which was dose and time dependent. The ethanol extract of the seeds was the most lethal to cercariae. At doses of 100mg/l and 150mg/l, all ten (100%) cercariae treated to this extract died within 15 minutes and 45 minutes, respectively. The highest quantity of seed water extract killed up to 5 cercariae. The findings were subjected to Finney Probit analysis with Biostat 2009 to calculate the (LT50) of the plant extracts. This study provides baseline data that can be used by pharmaceutical companies, researchers, and the Ministry of Health to create new schistosomicides.
Modern Technology in Nursing, its Impact and Role in Improving Maternal and Child Health among Nurses in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Esan Southeast, Edo State, Nigeria
This study looked into the impact and role of current nursing technologies in enhancing maternal and child health among nurses at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital in Esan Southeast, Edo State, Nigeria. The study was conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional approach. The study's population consisted of 497 nurses, with a sample size of 136 respondents calculated using Taro Yamen's formula. The basic random sampling technique was used to pick respondents for the study from the public. Data were collected using a validated 15-item questionnaire. Experts assessed the instrument's face and content validity. The instruments' reliability estimates of 0.82 were determined using the test-retest approach. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean values, and standard deviations. The data analysis results showed that current technology in nursing has a significant impact on enhancing mother and child health among nurses in the research area. The study concludes that the predictor variables (perception of and adherence to anaemia prevention strategies) have a substantial impact on pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected hospitals in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Based on the study's findings, it was advised that health policymakers, hospital administrators, and nurse leaders guarantee that nursing technology is used in healthcare delivery.
Knowledge and attitudinal dispositions as factors associated with self-medication in malaria treatment modality among selected parents and child care-givers in Nigeria
Self-medication with malaria drugs is becoming increasingly common due to multiple factors. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitudinal dispositions, on respondents on the use of self-medication with malaria drugs in Nigeria. The study design was a cross-sectional descriptive study. An online survey was conducted between July and August 2023 using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were collected with kobotoolbox Forms. A total of 399 respondents participated in the study, with a mean age of 43.52 years (± 10.90) years. Majority of the respondents were young adults between the age ranges of 34 - 44 years. Coartem (68.7%) was most used by the study respondents. Doctor’s and Pharmacist’s prescription for the respondents were 50.9% and 54.40%, respectively. 96.2% of the respondents complied with the duration of the use of the malaria drug, 68.90% reported that they had no side effects and 34.8% stated that the malaria drug was effective to resolving their illness. The respondents indicated that 25.30% and 21.10% have taken malaria drugs once and twice, respectively, between September 2022 and August 2023. Convenience (58.60%), Cost saving (23.60%), Long delays in hospital (23.10%), and attitude of hospital staff (6.3%) were mostly the reasons why the study respondents were involved in self- medicating with malaria drugs. 96.2% of respondents said they completely understood the instructions for the malaria medications they used to self-medicate. More than half of the respondents (53.9%) sometimes sleep under the mosquito net, 32.6% has never sleep under mosquito net, and this is not a good public health practice given that malaria is a deadly disease. WHO recommends that the public should sleep under insecticide treated mosquito nets, especially pregnant women and children.We recommend in this study that the use of media to discourage the masses from self-medication with malaria drugs.
Management of Patients who Tested Positive for COVID-19 Infection through the Effect of Ivermectin Addition: Delta State in Focus
The study examined a two-year pilot experiment undertaken in Delta State to determine the impact of incorporating ivermectin into the routine treatment regimen of patients with COVID-19 infection. The rationale is to explore the impact of adding 12 mg ivermectin on the recovery process of COVID-19 positive patients, as well as the combination of ivermectin with other COVID-19 medications. The research is an experimental evaluation to determine the efficacy of ivermectin in conjunction with other COVID-19 therapy methods. The study was conducted between 2020 and 2022 at three hospitals that gained official approval, especially the Federal Medical Centre Asaba, which is located in one of Delta State's three senatorial districts. Before beginning the investigation, the Board of Ethics gained ethical permission. Using a single-blind randomized approach, the patients were divided into two groups, namely the 'Study Group' and the 'Control Group.' Subjects with even numerical values were assigned to the study group, while those with odd numerical values were assigned to the control group. All participants were given informed consent before to participation in the trial, and eligible patients were subjected to a standardized symptom questionnaire and physical assessment utilizing the informed consent supplied. A complete blood count, thoracic tomography scan, biochemical blood analysis, and the initial SARSCOV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result were also recorded. The trial includes 72 patients, with 40 assigned to the study group and 32 assigned to the control group. Due to a mutation that affects ivermectin metabolism, 12 subjects were excluded from the study. In the study, 60% of the participants were men and 40% were women. Both patients in the trial and control groups who were COVID-19 positive received the reference therapies suggested by the National Disease Control Centre (NDCC). Patients in the study group were given ivermectin medication in the form of a 12 mg tablet orally for 5 days. Patients' respiratory observations and laboratory measurements were reported on the first, third, and fifth days of therapy, as well as the first, third, and fifth days following treatment and during the follow-up period. They demonstrated an early therapeutic response, lending credence to the idea that ivermectin at a dose of 12mg daily for 5 days, alone or in combination with the current standard regimen, could be evaluated as a possible treatment option for COVID-19 infection and in patients with co-morbidities. In the study, no significant adverse reactions were seen in the cohort of patients given ivermectin 12 mg versus those who got normal convectional treatment. Pharmacokinetic studies also revealed that ivermectin 12 mg was safe and well tolerated in the study group's participants. The study concluded that Invertmetic, when gradually administered to patients, improves COVID-19 recovery, and the study recommended that medical practitioners incorporate and adopt up to 3mg inclusive addiction patients because it has positive health benefits and a positive influence on recovery.
Impact of Maternal Nutrition on Child Health Outcome: A Scoping Review
The maternal nutrition plays a crucial role in shaping the health and development of infants and children, influencing outcomes from prenatal stages through early childhood and beyond. This scoping review examines the complex connection between the nutrition of the mothers and child health, encompassing factors such as macronutrient and micronutrient intake, maternal dietary patterns, and their implications on birth outcomes and long-term health. Key findings underscore the significance of adequate maternal nutrition in promoting optimal foetal growth, organ development, and cognitive abilities. However, disparities in nutritional access and healthcare services globally continue to pose challenges, impacting maternal nutritional status and subsequent child health outcomes. The study highlights many socioeconomic, cultural, and healthcare aspects impacting maternal nutrition by synthesizing information from several research conducted in numerous countries. The review's conclusions point to the necessity of focused treatments and legislative actions to close the dietary gaps in mothers, increase the development trajectories of their offspring, and improve maternal health outcomes. By examining the complex interplay of maternal nutrition and child health across different contexts, this study contributes to broader discussions on public health strategies aimed at reducing maternal and child mortality, enhancing well-being, and achieving sustainable health outcomes.
Determination of Quinolone Resistance Genes among Clinical Isolates of Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae: A Case Study
With growing morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing nations like Nigeria, increasing multidrug resistance among Enterobacteriaceae has complicated treatment choices. The commonly recommended remedy for infections caused by these agents is Fluoroquinolones (FQs). This study investigates the characteristics of FQs resistance genes within the clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. It also determined the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates in the Yola metropolis of Adamawa State, Nigeria. A total of 472 Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from the targeted patients tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Disc diffusion technique was employed to determine antibiotic susceptibility and resistance. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), gyrB, and ParC were confirmed using multiplex PCR. DNA sequencing technique was carried out to identify alterations in the gyrB and ParC. About (27%) of isolates were resistant to quinolones (Perfloxacin), 32 % to Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin) and 20% to sulfonamides (Septrin). Multiple antibiotic-resistant phenotypes with multiple antibiotic-resistant indexes (MAR) ranging between 0.4 to 0.8 indicates similarity to 13 different species of Enterobacteriaceae. Three were shown to be Salmonella species, 5 Citrobacter, 2 Enterobacter, 1 Aeromonas taiwanensis, 1 Kluyvera genomosp and 1 Escherichia coli harbouring one or more gyrB, each indicating various alterations in the genes. While just one gene can explain quinolone resistance, both the gyrB and parC genes are involved in the resistance to fluoroquinolones. High resistance to FQs is conferred by QRDR gene accumulation and mutations. These findings highlight the pressing need for legislation prohibiting the over-the-counter sale of antibiotics, as is the case currently.
Inappropriate Weaning Practices, A Cause of Malnutrition among under 5 Children; the Way Forward
It has been established that malnutrition is one of the leading causes of death for many of the world's infants, accounting for over a third of the world's under 5 deaths. The incidence of malnutrition in the first two years of life has been directly linked with inadequate maternal breastfeeding and inappropriate complementary feeding practices, along with high infectious disease levels. Complementary feeding otherwise known as weaning is described as the process that starts when breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the infants' nutritional requirements. Therefore, other foods and liquids with continued breastfeeding are required to meet the infant’s nutritional needs for proper growth and development. The food given to children during their weaning period is very crucial as an inadequate or inappropriate complementary diet will significantly inhibit the child's optimum growth, health and cognitive development in the future. Consequently, a complementary food should be healthy, adequate and should start timely. Complementary feeding has been recognized to be one of the most often compromised and wrongly practiced in a child’s developmental stage. Inappropriate weaning practices which are characterized by the untimely introduction of complementary foods and inappropriate food choices play a considerable role in this malnutrition crisis. Cultural and societal influences play a significant role in shaping weaning practices, which in turn have significant effect on child nutrition. These factors have negative and positive influence on weaning practices, such as malnutrition among under five children. It is crucial to recognize and address these factors in order to ensure optimal nutrition and growth for this vulnerable group worldwide.
Influence of Smoking on Academic Performance of Undergraduate of Students at Ajman University
The study presents a comprehensive examination of the influence of smoking on the academic performance of undergraduate students at Ajman University, emphasizing the complex interplay between smoking behaviour, health outcomes, and educational achievements. It discusses the prevalence of smoking among students and highlights the need for targeted interventions to address this issue effectively. The study employed a survey method to collect data from a sample of undergraduate students, revealing insights into their smoking habits, age of initiation, attempts to quit, parental awareness, and perceived influences. Statistical analysis of linear regression demonstrated a significant influence of smoking on academic performance, with smoking behaviour being a significant predictor. The findings underscore the importance of promoting non-smoking behaviour among students and implementing campus-wide smoking cessation programs. Recommendations include encouraging students to avoid smoking and implementing strict no-smoking policies within the university premises. Overall, the study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between smoking and academic success, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches to promote student well-being and success.
undergraduate students and Ajman University
Influence of Patients' Waiting Time on Satisfaction at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
This study assessed patient waiting time and satisfaction at UPTH, Rivers State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey research design was used for the study. The population of the study comprised 560 patients from the six departments of UPTH. A sample size of 227 was determined using the Cochran sample determination formula. A mixed methodology was employed in which combined multi-stage sampling, proportional simple random, and purposive sampling procedures were used to select six departments or units at the UPTH. A structured and validated questionnaire and informant participants’ observation through a checklist were used to collect data. A return rate of 87.22% was achieved. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential (Pearson correlation coefficient) statistics at the 5% level of significance. The study concluded that despite patients agreeing of having a high level of satisfaction with the healthcare services they received at the six departments or clinics, they still faced significant issues with long waiting times to receive medical attention, with factors that were attributed to negative staff behaviour, inadequate staffing levels, and poor record-keeping systems in the hospital. Therefore, the study recommended that the government, management of UPTH, and NGOs should employ more healthcare and allied health personnel in hospitals and ensure their periodic training and retraining to address workers' negative behaviour and improve their attitudes towards patients and performances.
University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital
Post-operative Anxiety: The Role of the Nurse in Providing Care
Postoperative anxiety is a common challenge faced by patients during their recovery from surgery, significantly impacting their healing process and overall well-being. Nurses play a crucial role in addressing this issue by leveraging their clinical expertise to identify contributing factors and implement effective interventions. This article explores the multifaceted nature of postoperative anxiety, including its causes, effects on recovery outcomes, and evidence-based strategies for management. Emphasizing the vital role of nursing care, the discussion highlights approaches to reduce anxiety and promote holistic patient well-being. By addressing this critical aspect of postoperative care, the article underscores the importance of nurse-led initiatives in enhancing recovery experiences and improving patient satisfaction.
Practice of Wound Dressing among Nurses in Surgical Ward in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State
This study assessed the practice of wound dressing among nurses in the surgical wards of Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Edo State, utilizing a cross-sectional survey design. A total of 75 nurses were selected through convenience sampling to assess their adherence to standard wound care practices. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire and analysed through bivariate correlation procedures and Chi-Square tests. The results demonstrated significant associations across all hypotheses, with Chi-Square p-values consistently below 0.05. Specifically, the availability of resources and equipment was linked to wound dressing standards, evidenced by a p-value of 0.011 and a moderate Pearson correlation of 0.293. Additionally, barriers revealed a strong association (p = 0.000, Phi and Cramer's V both at 0.694), indicating that obstacles faced by nurses significantly impact care quality. Factors influencing practice standards also exhibited a significant relationship (p = 0.000, Phi and Cramer's V at 0.638). These findings highlight the critical role of resource availability, the presence of barriers, and influential factors in shaping the standards of wound care practices among nurses. To address the identified challenges, the study recommends enhancing resource allocation, increasing training opportunities, addressing time constraints, investing in specialized equipment, and supporting adherence to evidence-based practices. Continuous education and effective workload management strategies are also essential to improve the quality of wound care. By implementing these recommendations, healthcare institutions can better equip nurses to deliver optimal wound care, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
Complementary Health Care: The use of Therapeutic Touch in Nursing care
Therapeutic Touch is an intentional care aimed at achieving better health outcome. It is affirmed that therapeutic touch makes patient feel belonged and valued, removes tension, and relaxes patient. This paper presentation was written to discuss the use of therapeutic touch in complementary Healthcare practise. Specifically, the aim was to understand the concept of complementary Healthcare and Therapeutic Touch (TT) and to explore how it improves patient wellbeing, It was affirmed that complementary Healthcare are group of medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are part of conventional medicine aimed at improving the health and quality of life as well as increased longevity by using natural approaches and different methods of alternative medicine based on clinical and research experiences. Therapeutic touch is a non-invasive intervention for improving the health status in patients. This paper reveals the benefits of therapeutic touch in Nursing Practice which includes Pain Management, Stress Reduction, Anxiety and Depression, Improve Healing, Creating a Healing Environment and Practitioner Self-Care. Based on the relevance of therapeutic touch on patients’ wellbeing, it is recommended that nurses implore this unique therapy in the care of patient to achieve recovery as early as possible and continuing education for nurses in both public and private health facilities should include complementary healthcare and therapeutic touch thereby equipping nurses with pool of knowledge on the use of complementary therapies to improve patient quality care.
A Review of Advances in Evidence-based Practice: Incorporating Research into Nursing Care
Evidence-based practice [EBP] is yet to be fully implemented in our nursing care delivery system in the developing countries and the sub-Saharan region of which Nigeria is inclusive, nursing care have relied on tradition, experience, authority, trial and error, as well as logical reasoning. EBP is the process by which nurses make clinical decisions using the best available research evidence, their clinical expertise, and patient's references. It is an essential component of modern healthcare, ensuring that nursing interventions and decision-making are grounded in the best available evidence. The objectives of the study is to identify the importance of EBP, to explore the advances in EBP such as improved collaboration and partnership, use of wearable devices use of real-world data and real-world evidence and several advancement as a result of EBP and its integration into nursing care with emphasis on the importance of research in informing nursing care and improving patient's outcome. EBP is not without challenges especially in developing countries and the sub-Saharan where frantic effort is being made to practice nursing from a scientific base, challenges ranging from lack of infrastructure, inadequate funding, poor research culture amongst nurses and so many other factors. Despite these challenges, EBP is achievable if nurses will rise up to the occasion and surmount these challenges, knowing fully that EBP is the best form of nursing care to adopt, in order to improve patient outcome.
Oral administration of 3- methylmorphine (dihydrocodeine) has less likelyhood of been a carcinogine in testicular germ cells and the interstial cells of leydig in adult albino wistar rats
This study was on Sub-acute Oral Administration of Dihydrocodeine in Placental like Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP) Immunohistochemistry in the Testis of Albino Wistar Rats. The objectives are to; investigate the level of PLAP in testicular germ cells in the testis, using immunohistochemistry and analysing staining intensity using Image J statistical software. Control (Group 1) rats received distilled water per body weight while group 2-4 received 30, 60 and 90mg/kg dihydrocodeine orally respectively for 28 days. Animals were anesthetized using ketamine injection and abdominopelvic incision was made and the testes were harvested and processed using histochemistry. Photomicrographs were obtained using light microscope and arm scope. Testicular tissue staining intensity were analysed by ANOVA, followed by Post Hoc test using Image J statistical software. The results showed that only few germ cells in the treatment groups were seen to stain faintly with PLAP. This means that only those few cells that pick up the stain have the tendency of becoming cancerous. The interstitial connective tissue and the Leydig cells that produces the hormone testosterone were also found to stain with high intensity. This study concludes that Immunohistochemistry study using PLAP demonstrated dihydrocodeine has less likely hood of been a carcinogen.
Placental like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)
Assessment of Hematological Profile, Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Women on Hormonal Contraceptives
Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are synthetic biochemical compounds that enable sexual activity without the risk of pregnancy. Despite their widespread use, concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives (HCs) on women’s health with scarce reports especially of their effects on hematological profiles, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. This study was designed to investigate the effects of HCs on hematological indices, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women. A total of 50 women from 3 health centers in Akure (Nigeria) were recruited for this study, with 25 women serving as control and 25 women on HCs (case). Blood samples were collected and analyzed using analytical kits. The results from this study indicate that women on HCs had a significant (p < 0.001) increase in white blood cell count, granulocytes and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the platelet large cell ratio. A significant increase (p<0.001) in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF -α) (p<0.01) was also observed when compared to the control group. These findings suggest that HCs may alter hematological indices and induce oxidative stress and inflammation, which can impact negatively on women’s health. It is recommended that healthcare providers undertake appropriate client profiling before initiating any contraceptive choice to prevent pathological conditions, especially for those who may have pre-existing conditions and risk factors, they are however advised to opt for non-hormonal contraceptives. There is a need for further research into the potential adverse effects of HCs and the necessity for proper screening before HC administration.
Hypoglycemic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Cashew Plant Leaves (Anacardium occidentale) on Alloxan Induced Albino Rats
Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) is used in South Cameroon as well as in other tropical countries by traditional practitioners as a folk remedy for treatment of diabetes mellitus. The antidiabetic potential of the plant extracts in alloxan induced diabetic rats was demonstrated. The aim of the current study was to investigate the antidiabetic effects of aqueous extract of the leaves of A. occidentale on diabetic rats. The rats were grouped into four (4) groups, the first group served as control, second group was the induced group without treatment and the other groups were induced and treated with 100 mg/kg and 200mg/kg of the plant extract respectively. At the end of the experimental period of seven days, fasting blood glucose levels were estimated in the control, induced and treated rats and was found to be 144.45±1.54, 177.1±3.07, 160.2±3.29 and 142.9±3.89 In that order. The administration of extract showed that the extract treatment has a significant effect in the decrease of glucose level (P 0.05). This is in conformity to the treatment with the standard drug Pioglitazone. These results demonstrate significant antidiabetic potential of the extract of leaves of A. occidentale, justifying the use of plant in the indigenous system of medicine. Further studies for investigating the specific compound(s) responsible for such beneficial role in diabetes would open new outlook in the therapy of type 2 diabetes.
Some Advances in Malaria Control in Nigeria:
Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, contributing to high morbidity and mortality, especially among vulnerable groups such as children under five and pregnant women. This review examines some advances in malaria control in Nigeria, focusing on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Interventions such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and the recombinant protein-based malaria vaccine subtype (RTS,S) have collectively reduced malaria prevalence and improved health outcomes. Targeted mass distribution campaigns for ITNs and the adoption of ACTs as the first-line treatment have significantly curtailed malaria transmission and child mortality rates by 20%. Advances in diagnostic technologies, including RDTs, have enhanced accurate and timely case management. The introduction of the RTS, vaccine in high-burden regions marks a critical milestone in protecting vulnerable populations. In Nigeria, the vaccine rollout has been strategically targeted to selected states with the highest malaria transmission rates. As part of the national implementation strategy, the phased deployment of the RTS,S vaccine began in 2024, with Nasarawa, Kwara, and Ondo identified as the initial pilot states. These areas were chosen based on their malaria burden, health system readiness, and commitment to disease control efforts. Additionally, innovations in vector control, integrated strategies combining multiple interventions, and community engagement have strengthened malaria control efforts in Nigeria.