Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
type: channel
description: Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (DRJBB) ISSN: 2734-2158 provides rapid publication monthly of articles in all areas of Biology and Biotechnology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published shortly after acceptance. All articles published in DRJBB are peer-reviewed. Manuscripts are being published monthly by Direct Research Journals Publisher via our website https://directresearchpublisher.org/drjbb/ Submit your manuscript using the submission link Submit Manuscript ARTICLE PROCESSING COST = 655USD FOR AUTHOR OTHER COUNTRIES OR 55000 NAIRA FOR NIGERIA. AUTHORS CAN APPLY FOR PARTIAL WAIVER TO THE JOURNAL EDITORIAL AT editorialoffice@directresearchpublisher.org
publisher: DIRECT RESEARCH JOURNALS PUBLISHER
language: en
publication name: Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
issn: 2734-2158
items: Isolation And Identification of Fungi Associated with Dried Fruits of Ziziphus Spina-Christi (L.) Willd, In Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria
items: Economic Analysis of Traditional Cassava Processing and Market Performance in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria.
items: The Microbiology of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review
items: Molecular Identification and Integrated Management of Fungal Pathogens Affecting Maize: Recent advances and Future Perspectives
items: Food Habits of the Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris Linnaeus, 1758) in the Derived Savanna of Ofaji, Kogi State, Nigeria
items: Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Fungal Disease Incidence, Severity, and Prevalence in maize across Dry and Wet Seasons in the Hadejia Agroecological Zone, Nigeria
items: Phytochemical Profiling and Therapeutic Potency of Jatropha curcas Linnaeus Seed Oil against Salmonella typhii Isolates in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
items: Isolation and Identification of oil Degrading Bacteria from Izom NNPC Sub-station Niger State
items: Bacterial Contamination and some Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fresh and Smoked Clarias Gariepinus and Heterotis Niloticus in Hadejah Fish Market, Jigawa State, Nigeria
items: Production of Bioethanol from Fruit Peels using Yeast Fermentation
items: Bioaccumulation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Multi-Metal Pollution in Selected Fishes from River Niger in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
items: Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia Coli in Fish, Fish Handlers and Water in Sokoto State Nigeria
items: Prospect on Renewable Energy and Comparative Analysis of Bioethanol Produced from Orange, Banana and Watermelon by Co-culture of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
items: Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Dried Fruits of Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. Fruits
items: Evaluation of Antimalarial Efficacy and Safety of Boswellia dalzielii Leaf Extract in Plasmodium berghei (NK-65)-Infected Mice
items: Evaluation of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in a Farmland in Abuja, Nigeria
items: Phytochemical Analysis of Diospyros Mespiliformis (African Ebony) Leaves and Bark
items: Consumer Preferences for Quality Attributes of Pest Resistant Genetically Modified Cowpea in Northern Nigeria
items: Nutritional Comparison of Transgenic and Local Cowpea Grown in Nigeria
items: Evaluation of the Molluscicidal Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Carica papaya as Potential Molluscicides against B. pfeifferi, Adult Snails, a Vector of Schistosomiasis
items: Comparative Influence of Activated Charcoal on Surgical Wound-Healing Activity of Unripe and Ripe Banana (Musa Sapientum) Peel in Wistar Rats
items: Phytochemical Composition and Biological Evaluation of Daniellia oliveri Root Bark Extracts
items: Comparative Evaluation of Anti-malarial activities of Methanol Leaf Extracts of Dialium guineense and Morinda lucida in Plasmodium berghei – Infected Mice
items: Utilization of microalgae and accumulation of lipids for biodiesel production from grey-water in Makurdi area of Benue State, Nigeria
items: In vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Sodium Azide on the Germination and Seedling Development of Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum
items: Evaluation of Anti-fungal Properties of Pawpaw and Tamarind Leaf Extracts against Fusarium Head Blight in Both Wheat and Millet
items: The Proximate, Phytochemical and Mineral Properties of Senna Occidentalis Leaf and some Local Feed Ingredients
items: Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) Responses in the Control of Poultry Lice (Menopon gallinae)
items: The Prevalence of Aeromonas Species Isolated from Raw and Locally Fermented Cow Milk from Four Local Government Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria
items: Selection of starter Cultures for the Production of Standardized Kefir, Nono and Yoghurt

Isolation And Identification of Fungi Associated with Dried Fruits of Ziziphus Spina-Christi (L.) Willd, In Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria
type: item
description: This research was carried out on the isolation and identification of fungi associated with the dried fruits of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd (Christ’s thorn). Sample fruits were collected from ten (10) mother trees in Dutse, and air dried for eight (8) weeks. The Pulps were extracted from the fruits with the aid of pestle and mortar; one (1g) of the pulp was placed in a beaker containing nine of (9mls) distilled water. The sample solution was serially diluted in this manner 101 102 ---106 in order to reduce fungal load in the sample. A drop of the serially diluted solution was placed on the prepared potato dextrose agar media under sterilized environment and incubated at (370C) for 48 hours. The pure/axemic culture were obtained by several transfer of colony growth from PDA plates aseptically i.e. (Sub-culturing until axemic culture were obtained). Identification was done macroscopically and microscopically. Result shows that Rhizopus spp are found to have the highest percentage 8.2 (64%) of occurrence which makes it the most dominant while Aspergillus Spp, have 3.2 (25%) percentage of occurrence thus Fusarium spp had 1.4 (11%) percentage of occurrence. Therefore., it is concluded that Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Rhizopus are associated with the dried fruits of Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ’s thorn). Aspergillus species are associated with food spoilage and can significantly impede the quality and safety of the fruits. Therefore, improved Post-Harvest Handling in form of better drying and storage practices, routine fungal contamination assessments using molecular and microscopic techniques, more so, further research should be encouraged on inhibiting mycotoxin-production capabilities of isolated fungi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ziziphus spina-christi
  topic: keywords
subject: Dried fruit
  topic: keywords
subject: Isolation
  topic: keywords
subject: Identification
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional value
  topic: keywords
subject: and Fungi.
  topic: keywords
creator: K. J. Ilu
creator: Y. K. Muhammad,
creator: I., Abdulmajeed
creator: H. Y. Etukudoh
creator: K. D. Salami
creator: M. S. Yau
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
starting page: 45
ending page: 50

Economic Analysis of Traditional Cassava Processing and Market Performance in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria.
type: item
description: This study conducted economic analysis of traditional cassava processing and market performance in Udi local government area of Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria. The study used multi-Stage sampling technique to select 60 cassava processors. Primary data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, marketing efficiency and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that the average years of cassava processing experience was 16.67 years in the study area. Also, years of processing experience was positive and significantly related to income at P> 0.05. The results suggest that processors with more years of processing experience are more likely to earn more profit in the enterprise. The results further showed that the higher marketing efficiency for the Abacha cassava processing of 245.9% was recorded in Obiagu market in the study area. Furthermore, the major constraints militating against cassava processing include poor road network, poor storage and poor infrastructural facilities in the study area. The study recommends that adequate infrastructure particularly storage facilities and good road network should be provided to encourage more involvement in the processing enterprise in the study area.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cassava
  topic: keywords
subject: Processing
  topic: keywords
subject: Constraints
  topic: keywords
subject: Marketing efficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: M. I. Abubakar
creator: U. C. Emeka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-14
publication date: 2026-04-14
starting page: 40
ending page: 44

The Microbiology of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection with high occurrence in women of child-bearing age. The infection was first described by Gardner and Dukes in 1955 that is now referred to as BV. The normal healthy vagina is populated mainly by hydrogen-peroxide-producing lactobacilli that inhibit the growth of other vaginal flora. BV is characterized by a loss of these protective lactobacilli, an increase in vaginal pH to >4.5, and the proliferation of a variety of anaerobic species. Electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for observational studies such as case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guide. Data extracted included (i) patient demography (age), (ii) marital status, (iii) vaginal discharge and lower abdominal pain (iv) vaginal douching (v) use of contraceptive devices. Higher prevalence of BV is seen among women who have sex with women (WSW). In Nigeria, a prevalence rate of 17%, 17.3%, 19.0% and 25% have been reported from separate studies done in the south-east, north-east, north-west and south-west Nigeria respectively. The epidemiology of BV robustly implies that it is acquired through sexual transmission. This article has reviewed that BV is a public health infection because of the impact it has on the health, social, sexual, emotional and economic status of females, there is need for public awareness on health educational programs through different media on the impact of BV. Routine screening of especially high risk groups; (such as women of reproductive age group, women who practice vaginal douching, pregnant women, women in high institutions of learning) is recommended to avoid complications such as; (preterm birth (premature birth, low birth weight or miscarriage), sexually transmitted diseases, risk of infection following gynecological surgery, and pelvic inflammatory disease,) that could res…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bacterial vaginosis, Epidemiology, Gardnerella vaginalis, vaginal dysbiosis, vaginal microbiota
  topic: keywords
creator: Makun Babazhitsu
creator: Dada Khadija Muhammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
starting page: 34
ending page: 39

Molecular Identification and Integrated Management of Fungal Pathogens Affecting Maize: Recent advances and Future Perspectives
type: item
description: Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops globally, serving as a major source of food, animal feed, and industrial raw materials. However, maize productivity is significantly threatened by fungal pathogens that cause diseases such as ear rot, stalk rot, leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and smut. Major pathogens responsible for these diseases include Fusarium species, Exserohilum turcicum, Bipolaris maydis, Cercospora zeina, and Ustilago maydis. These pathogens not only reduce crop yield and grain quality but also produce harmful mycotoxins that pose serious health risks to humans and livestock. Accurate identification and effective management of these fungal pathogens are therefore essential for ensuring sustainable maize production and global food security. Recent advances in molecular biology have significantly improved the detection and identification of maize fungal pathogens. Techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and CRISPR-based diagnostics enable rapid, precise, and sensitive pathogen detection. These molecular approaches help distinguish closely related fungal species and facilitate early disease diagnosis and epidemiological monitoring. Alongside improved diagnostics, integrated disease management strategies have been developed to control fungal diseases in maize. These strategies combine cultural practices, resistant maize varieties developed through marker-assisted breeding, biological control using beneficial microorganisms, and targeted fungicide application. Emerging technologies such as RNA-based gene silencing, genomic selection, microbiome engineering, and high-throughput phenotyping also offer promising tools for sustainable disease control. Integrating molecular diagnostics with these management strategies will be crucial for mitigating fungal diseases and improving maize product…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Molecular diagnostics, fungal pathogens, integrated disease management, Maize diseases
  topic: keywords
creator: H. U. Baita
creator: A. O. Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-18
publication date: 2026-03-18
starting page: 23
ending page: 33

Food Habits of the Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris Linnaeus, 1758) in the Derived Savanna of Ofaji, Kogi State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Maximizing the ecological, nutritional and economic benefits of Helmeted Guineafowl hinges greatly on general conservation and improved domestication of the species. Since the bird is not migratory, its survival or fitness is based on the resilience in adapting to any given environment. So, understanding the site-specific requirements of the bird is fundamentally essential. Information on the natural food habits of the bird in Ofaji vegetation is not available. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify plant and animal diets of N. meleagris and to deduce its food preferences on the bases of sex, age and periods of the year. Ofaji is located on Latitude 7.61º 87′45″ North of the equator, and longitude 6.98º 50′91″ East of the Greenwich meridian. The study was based on the hypotheses that there are no significant differences in the food habits of the bird on the bases of age, sex and seasons respectively. Collection of the bird commenced on January 5, 2022 using instant kill by local gunshot. 35 birds were collected during the off-farming period, while 32 birds were collected during the farming period. Food items recovered from the gut of the bird included earthworm, 17 different arthropods and assorted parts of 24 plant species as tabulated. Percentage frequency was used to deduce food preference, while independent samples t-test (P < 0.05) was used to determine differences in the food habits of the bird on the bases of sex, age and seasons. It was found that N. meleagris has euryphagic food habits, feeding on both wild and cultivated plants along with arthropods and other small organisms. Consumption of animal food items was significantly higher in immature birds than in matured birds (t = 2.293, p = 0.028). Helmeted Guineafowl farmers should feed their birds with the identified natural food items.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Food habits, Helmeted Guineafowl, Derived savanna, euryphagic, Nigeria
  topic: keywords
creator: W. I. Peter
creator: D. Tanko
creator: K. L. Adang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-16
publication date: 2026-03-16
starting page: 13
ending page: 22.
doi: 10.26765/DRJBB56750360

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Fungal Disease Incidence, Severity, and Prevalence in maize across Dry and Wet Seasons in the Hadejia Agroecological Zone, Nigeria
type: item
description: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a key staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa, yet its productivity is frequently constrained by fungal diseases that affect plant health, grain yield, and quality. Understanding the spatial and seasonal dynamics of these diseases is essential for developing effective management strategies in maize-based farming systems. This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of fungal disease incidence, severity, and prevalence in maize farms across five maize-producing villages Ganuwar Kuka, Gatafa, Gudunchin, Jiyan, and Turabu in the Hadejia agroecological zone of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Field surveys were conducted during the dry and wet seasons of 2022 and 2023 using a repeated cross-seasonal survey approach. Disease incidence, severity, and prevalence were assessed through field observations of symptomatic plants and analyzed using analysis of variance with mean separation by the Least Significant Difference test at the 5% probability level. The results showed significant variation in disease parameters across locations and seasons. In 2022, fungal disease incidence ranged from 26.3% in Gatafa to 46.9% in Turabu during the dry season, while wet-season incidence ranged from 23.3% in Jiyan to 40.0% in Ganuwar Kuka. In 2023, incidence values increased, reaching 48.7% in Jiyan and 47.4% in Gatafa during the wet season. Disease severity followed similar patterns, with maximum severity values of 48.7% recorded in Jiyan (2022 wet season) and 44.4% in Turabu (2023 dry season). Disease prevalence also varied significantly, ranging from 13.1% to 47.7% across seasons and locations. These findings demonstrate pronounced spatial and seasonal variability in maize fungal diseases in the Hadejia area and highlight the need for location-specific and season-sensitive disease management strategies to enhance sustainable maize production.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maize fungal diseases, disease incidence, spatiotemporal disease severity, Sudan
  topic: keywords
creator: H. U. Baita
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: 7
ending page: 12

Phytochemical Profiling and Therapeutic Potency of Jatropha curcas Linnaeus Seed Oil against Salmonella typhii Isolates in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
type: item
description: This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, physicochemical properties, and antibacterial activity of Jatropha curcas seed oil against Salmonella typhii isolates obtained from clinical samples in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Seed oil extraction was performed using Soxhlet and cold maceration methods, followed by qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins was confirmed, with total phenolic and flavonoid contents measured at 24.60 mg GAE/100 g and 16.30 mg QE/100 g, respectively. Physicochemical assessment indicated favorable parameters (acid value 2.30 mg KOH/g, peroxide value 4.50 meq O₂/kg, and iodine value 102.00 g I₂/100 g), signifying oil stability and purity. Antibacterial assays demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of S. typhii, with the highest activity recorded in methanolic extract (21.60 mm at 100 mg/mL). Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (12.50 mg/mL and 25.00 mg/mL, respectively) confirmed a bactericidal effect. Findings suggest J. curcas seed oil as a potential natural therapeutic agent for typhoid management, particularly amid growing antibiotic resistance in Nigeria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Jatropha curcas seed oil, phytochemical profiling, Salmonella typhii, Antibacterial activity
  topic: keywords
creator: A. W. Abubakar
creator: K. A. Adeniyi
creator: Y.S. Abdurrahaman
creator: A.O. Mohammed
creator: K. D. Salami
creator: C. A. Ihemanma
creator: A. U. Gidado
creator: Z. T. Bello
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 1
ending page: 6

Isolation and Identification of oil Degrading Bacteria from Izom NNPC Sub-station Niger State
type: item
description: This study was carried out to isolate and identify oil degrading bacteria from NNPC sub-station situated at Izom. Oil contaminated soil samples was taken from three (3) different spots in Izom NNPC sub- depot and labeled S1, S2, and S3, while soil sample (control) of same mass was collected from unpolluted soil at the same station. The soil samples were analyzed using standard method. The bacterial species isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Neisseria species, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus species, Streptococcus species, and Klebsiella species. From, the data obtained, three isolates namely Pseudomonas species, Bacillus species and Micrococcus species showed excellent degradation activity while other species studied showed moderate and low degradation activity and hence could be exploited in bioremediation activities. The study recommended amongst others that conservationist and environmentalist should adopt the use of bacteria in addressing pollution caused by oil spillage.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bacteria, oil spillage, Izom NNPC
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Hamzat
creator: H. Halima
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-09-12
publication date: 2023-09-12
starting page: 56
ending page: 65

Bacterial Contamination and some Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fresh and Smoked Clarias Gariepinus and Heterotis Niloticus in Hadejah Fish Market, Jigawa State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Fish is a vital source of protein in Nigeria, but contamination with bacteria and heavy metals poses public health risks. This study evaluated bacterial load and selected heavy-metal concentrations (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in fresh and smoked Clarias gariepinus and Heterotis niloticus from Hadejia Fish Market, Jigawa State. Thirty-six fish samples (500 g–1.5 kg) were collected, preserved with nitric acid, and analyzed in the laboratory. Bacterial load was determined using serial dilution, plating on selective media (Nutrient, MacConkey, Mannitol Salt, and Salmonella Shigella Agar), Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Heavy metals in gills, liver, and smoked tissues were quantified using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry after acid digestion. Results showed diverse bacterial contamination, mainly Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Bacillus spp. Total bacterial counts in fresh fish ranged from 3.2 × 10⁵ to 7.8 × 10⁵ cfu/g, exceeding safe limits, while smoked fish had lower counts (1.1 × 10⁴–2.5 × 10⁴ cfu/g). Heavy-metal concentrations were Pb: 0.12–0.48 mg/kg, Cd: 0.03–0.15 mg/kg, Cr: 0.10–0.32 mg/kg, and Ni: 0.08–0.26 mg/kg. Smoked fish generally had higher metal levels due to moisture loss and deposition from smoke. Cd exceeded WHO/FAO limits in several samples. The study concludes that H. niloticus and C. gariepinus sold in Hadejia are contaminated with bacteria and heavy metals. Traditional smoking reduces microbial load but may concentrate metals. Recommendations include improved hygiene, adoption of modern smoking technologies, regular monitoring by food-safety authorities, proper waste management, and consumer education on safe fish handling and cooking.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Clarias gariepinus
  topic: keywords
subject: Heterotis niloticus
  topic: keywords
subject: bacterial contamination
  topic: keywords
subject: heavy metals
  topic: keywords
subject: smoked fish
  topic: keywords
subject: Hadejia
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
creator: Rukaiyatu Alhaji Adamu
creator: Muhammad Auwal Haruna
creator: M.I. Musa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 84
ending page: 91

Production of Bioethanol from Fruit Peels using Yeast Fermentation
type: item
description: The escalating generation of fruit waste presents both environmental and socio-economic challenges, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, where improper disposal contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Simultaneously, the rising demand for renewable energy has heightened interest in bioethanol as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study investigated the bioethanol production potential of mango (Mangifera indica), lemon (Citrus limon), and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peels using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the fermenting organism. Biochemical analysis revealed significant variability in substrate composition: mango peel exhibited the highest total sugar content (55.5%), followed by plantain (45.2%) and lemon (38.0%), while lemon peel contained the highest fibrous content and lowest pH, suggesting potential fermentation inhibitors. Correspondingly, mango peel produced the highest ethanol yield (12.5 mL/100 g; 5.8% v/v), outperforming plantain (10.2 mL/100 g) and lemon (7.1 mL/100 g). Fermentation efficiency mirrored these trends, with S. cerevisiae achieving 88.5% and 88.2% efficiency on mango and plantain peels, respectively, but only 72.2% on lemon peel. Kinetic analysis further demonstrated that mango peel reached maximum ethanol production in 72 hours, 25–40% faster than plantain and lemon peels, accompanied by the highest CO₂ production rate (15.2 mL/h), and indicating vigorous yeast metabolism. The study highlights the critical influence of substrate composition, inhibitory compounds, and fermentable sugar availability on bioethanol yield and fermentation dynamics. Mango peel emerges as the most promising feedstock for sustainable bioethanol production from fruit waste, with plantain as a viable alternative, while lemon peel requires pretreatment to mitigate inhibitory effects. These findings underscore the potential of valorizing fruit residues for renewable energy, contributing to environmental sustainability and the ci…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Production
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioethanol
  topic: keywords
subject: Fruit Peels
  topic: keywords
subject: Yeast Fermentation
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Hamzat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 78
ending page: 83
doi: 10.26765/DRJBB5098772910

Bioaccumulation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Multi-Metal Pollution in Selected Fishes from River Niger in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
type: item
description: River Niger in Lokoja is a major freshwater resource supporting fisheries and domestic use, yet increasing anthropogenic pressures raise concerns about heavy-metal contamination. This study aimed to assess multi-metal pollution, bioaccumulation, and human health risks associated with consuming three commonly eaten fish species from River Niger. Water, sediment, and biological samples of Clarias gariepinus, Tilapia zilli, and Alestes baremoze were systematically collected during the dry season and analyzed for Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS) and hydride generation–atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HG–AAS). Data were evaluated with ANOVA and Tukey HSD at p < 0.05. Results showed that all water metals exceeded WHO/FAO (2017) limits, while sediments exhibited high enrichment of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr. Heavy-metal concentrations were highest in C. gariepinus, followed by T. zilli and A. baremoze, with Zn showing the strongest bioaccumulation. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values were consistently higher in children, and several Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) exceeded 1, resulting in Hazard Index (HI) values > 1 for all species, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health risks. This study has shown that consumption of fish from the River Niger may pose long-term health concerns, especially for children. Strengthened pollution control, routine environmental monitoring, and community-based risk-reduction strategies are recommended.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Alestes baremoze
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioaccumulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Heavy metals
  topic: keywords
subject: River Niger
  topic: keywords
creator: Beatrice O. Ojiego
creator: Gloria I.B. Obioh
creator: Maimuna Ibrahim
creator: Josephine Madu
creator: Gideon I. Ogu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
date: 2025-12-14
publication date: 2025-12-14
starting page: 68
ending page: 77
doi: 10.26765/DRJBB58986574

Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia Coli in Fish, Fish Handlers and Water in Sokoto State Nigeria
type: item
description: Fish and sea-food constitute an important and cheap food source of protein for many groups of the world population. Fish contains good quality protein and other necessary nutrients that make it a valuable food. This study investigates the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli isolated from fish, fish handlers, and water sources in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Aquatic animals, especially fish, constitute a significant source of animal protein globally, with growing aquaculture practices implicated in environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistance due to extensive antimicrobial use. E. coli, a known opportunistic pathogen and vector for antibiotic resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, poses public health risks, particularly when multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains prevail. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted over six months, involving sample collection from institutional fish farms, rivers, lakes, and fish handlers. Isolation and identification of E. coli employed standard microbiological and biochemical methods, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on 15 antibiotics, interpreted per CLSI guidelines. Out of 360 samples, E. coli was isolated in 5.83% overall prevalence, with higher detection in human samples (8%) compared to fish (3.33%) and water (5.71%). All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, showing 100% resistance to Gentamycin, Quinupristin, Mupirocin, Amoxicillin-Cloxacillin, Ceftazidime, Cefpodoxime, Ertapenem, and Imipenem. Resistance levels varied for other antibiotics, with highest resistance against Tetracycline (95.2%) and moderate resistance for Sulphamethoxazole (38.1%) and Azithromycin (33.3%). Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) values ranged from 0.6 to 0.8, indicating high-risk contamination sources. These findings highlight the presence of MDR E. coli in the aquatic environment and associated human contacts, underscoring the…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fish, Fish Handlers, Multidrug Resistant E. coli, Prevalence, Sokoto State, Water
  topic: keywords
creator: Sanyinna Zubairu Muhammad
creator: Jacob, K. P. Kwaga
creator: Muhammed Kabir Lawan
creator: P. H. Mamman
creator: Jibrin Salihu Muhammed
creator: Usman Bashir Usman
creator: Saulawa Mahmud Abduallahi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
starting page: 60
ending page: 67

Prospect on Renewable Energy and Comparative Analysis of Bioethanol Produced from Orange, Banana and Watermelon by Co-culture of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
type: item
description: Excessive dependence on non-renewable energy sources has contributed to global environmental degradation and rising public health concerns, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable alternatives such as bioethanol. Fruit processing wastes like banana, orange, and watermelon peels are often discarded despite their rich carbohydrate content, making them promising substrates for renewable biofuel production. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of banana, orange, and watermelon peels as low-cost substrates for bioethanol production using locally sourced Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and to compare their ethanol yields under co-culture fermentation. A. niger was isolated from humus-rich soil at the Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic botanical garden, while S. cerevisiae was isolated from the indigenous fermented beverage “Burukutu”. Identification was based on cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics, followed by screening for enzymatic and fermentative capabilities. Substrates underwent proximate analysis and acid hydrolysis, after which co-culture fermentation (pH 5.5, 8 g substrate, 30°C, 5 days) was conducted. Ethanol levels were monitored across fermentation days. A. niger exhibited strong α-amylase activity with a 47 mm clear zone on starch agar, while S. cerevisiae demonstrated typical budding morphology, thermotolerance up to 40°C, and ethanol tolerance up to 12%. Watermelon peel had the highest carbohydrate content (50.55%), banana peel contained high lipid (24.32%) and fiber (15.30%), and orange peel showed high moisture (42.02%). Ethanol yields peaked on day four at 12.46% (banana), 11.60% (watermelon), and 8.90% (orange), followed by a decline due to substrate depletion and ethanol inhibition. Locally sourced microbial strains and fruit peel wastes are viable resources for bioethanol production, demonstrating strong potential for renewable energy generation and environmentally friendly waste management. This study prov…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biofuel, Aspergillus niger, Burukutu, Amylase, Sustainable, Fermentation
  topic: keywords
creator: Sanusi Magaji
creator: Bashir Ismail Olawale
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-18
publication date: 2025-11-18
starting page: 53
ending page: 59
doi: 10.26765/DRJBB11711675

Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Dried Fruits of Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. Fruits
type: item
description: This study aimed at isolated and identified fungi associated with the dry fruits of Detorium microcarpum which fresh fruits were collected and dried at room temperature in Dutse Local Government of Jigawa State. The fruits of Detarium microcarpum were surface sterilized with cotton wool soaked in 70% alcohol. The pulps of the sample fruits were extracted with the help of pestle and mortar, one (1g) gram of the pulp was introduced into a beaker containing nine miles (9ml) of distilled water. A drop of the serially diluted solution was then plated on solidified Potato Dextrose Agar plates (90mm diameter) aseptically. Inoculated plates were incubated at 28±300C for 7days. A small portion of the aerial mycelia from the representative culture was picked using a sterile inoculating needle and inoculated on a slide for 24-48 hours, after which it was viewed under the light microscope to detect spore, hyphae and other special structures. The results shows that Rhizopus stolonifer, Apergillus niger Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme were found to be associated with the dry fruits of Detarium microcarpum with frequencies of occurrence of 42%, 32%, 10% and 16% respectively. The disease-causing potential of this two isolates Aspergillus niger Fusarium moniliforme, seems to be very serious in human as Aspergillus niger have been responsible for causing Pneumonia and several bronchial diseases while Fusarium moniliforme has champion the production different kinds of toxin that may have health implication to human and other animals. It is therefore recommended that, there is the need for proper storage of Detarium microcarpum fruits so as to preserve its nutritive value. Educational activities should be organized to local communities on the best practices of preserving the fruits of Non Timber Forest Product.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Detorium microcarpum, dry fruits, Fungi and Jigawa state
  topic: keywords
creator: A. H. Gidado
creator: K. J. Ilu
creator: Y. K. Muhammad
creator: K. D. Salami
creator: Esther J.
creator: H. Y. Etukudoh
creator: U. N. Muhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 43
ending page: 47

Evaluation of Antimalarial Efficacy and Safety of Boswellia dalzielii Leaf Extract in Plasmodium berghei (NK-65)-Infected Mice
type: item
description: Due to the malaria parasite's resistance to drugs, the use of medicinal plants in malaria treatment in Africa remains the most alternative option. The plant ‘Boswellia dalzielii’ was reported with antimalarial potential. However, little is known about the antimalarial properties of its root leaf. The study aimed to assess antimalarial effectiveness and safety of Boswellia dalzielli leaf extract in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK-65). Fresh Boswellia dalzielii leaves were washed, air-dried, powdered, and macerated in distilled water for 48 hours. The concentrated butanol extract was used for phytochemical screening, toxicity testing, and in vivo antimalarial evaluation. Eighteen Swiss albino mice were divided into six groups of 3 rats each: P. berghei-infected treated with a standard drug, P. berghei-infected untreated, P. berghei-infected treated with 100 mg/kg extract, P. berghei-infected treated with 200 mg/kg extract, P. berghei-infected treated with 400 mg/kg extract, and uninfected untreated control. Parasitemia, packed cell volume, and mean survival time were measured to assess antimalarial activity. The phytochemical study revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponin, balsam, carbohydrates, and phenol. Acute toxicity testing confirmed the extract's safety. In vivo investigations showed a significant increase in mice weight, decrease in parasite levels, and restoration of PCV in a dose-dependent manner. Boswellia dalzielii extract at 400 mg/kg increased the average survival time to 18 days surpassing the standard drug's 17 days’ duration and showing an antimalarial effect comparable to the standard drug (chloroquine phosphate 25 mg/kg). The study found that Boswellia dalzielii leaf extract is safe and contains chemicals with antimalarial activity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antiplasmodial, Boswellia dalzielii, Plasmodium berghei, Phytochemicals, Leaf extract
  topic: keywords
creator: Mary M. Mankilik
creator: Yunana Nehemiah Parah
creator: Joel Paul
creator: Peace Ori Abaya
creator: Daniel H. Mhya
creator: Akinbobola P. Otitoju
creator: Ishaya Y. Longdet
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-18
publication date: 2025-10-18
starting page: 34
ending page: 42

Evaluation of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in a Farmland in Abuja, Nigeria
type: item
description: This study conducted an extensive assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in a farmland located in Abuja, Nigeria. Employing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, the concentrations of these pesticide residues were determined in soil samples. The recovered residues include Alpha Lindane, Beta Lindane, Heptachlor, Aldrin, DDT and Endrin Aldehyde. The study unveiled notable fluctuations in pesticide concentrations across the sampling period. In May, the highest concentrations were observed for Endrin Aldehyde (45.932 mg/kg) while the lowest concentration was recorded for Aldrin (0.33 mg/kg) in January. These findings bear ecological and health implications, potentially impacting biodiversity, human health and soil physicochemical properties. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the concentrations of pesticide residues in the study surpassed the maximum residue limits (MRLs). This research provides crucial insights into the presence and levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in Abuja's agricultural soils, emphasizing the urgent need for robust pesticide management and control measures within the region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pesticide residues
  topic: keywords
subject: organochlorine
  topic: keywords
subject: soil analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental impact
  topic: keywords
subject: Abuja
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
creator: A.S. Dan-kishiya
creator: B.M. Mofio
creator: V.E. Oko
creator: J.C. Okolo
creator: A. Isah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2023-11-28
publication date: 2023-11-28
starting page: 79
ending page: 83

Phytochemical Analysis of Diospyros Mespiliformis (African Ebony) Leaves and Bark
type: item
description: As an antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory agent, Diospyros mespiliformis, a member of the Ebeneceae family, is utilized in traditional medicine. This study attempts to search for phytochemicals in Diospyros mespiliformis's leaves and bark. Methanol was used to extract the crushed sample. Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, coumarin, and carbohydrates were detected in the extracts of both the leaves and the the bark during an initial phytochemical screening; however, anthraquinone and terpenoids were not detected in the plant's leaves and bark respectively. The elemental analysis was also conducted on the plant where some trace elements were determined.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phytochemicals
  topic: keywords
subject: methanolic extracts
  topic: keywords
subject: elemental analysis
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2023-11-28
publication date: 2023-11-28
starting page: 74
ending page: 78

Consumer Preferences for Quality Attributes of Pest Resistant Genetically Modified Cowpea in Northern Nigeria
type: item
description: This study elicited consumer preferences for the quality attributes of pest resistant genetically modified cowpea in Kaduna and Sokoto states, Northern Nigeria. Using choice-based sampling technique, a total of 208 respondents were randomly selected as sample size for the study. Choice data collected were analyzed using conditional logit and mixed logit discrete choice models. The models were estimated using maximum likelihood estimation procedure. The pooled conditional logit results revealed that the coefficient for cowpea large grain size (0.464) relative to small grain size was positive and statistically significant at 5% level both in the study areas, meaning that in general consumers preferred cowpea large grain size than small sized cowpea grains in the study area. The results also indicated that consumers placed a relatively high level of importance on safety attribute of Bt cowpea in the study area. The pooled results from mixed logit revealed that the coefficient of cowpea large grain size was positive, normally distributed and statistically significant at 5% level with an estimated mean of 0.742 and estimated standard deviation of 1.457. This implies that two third of the consumers had positive preference while one third had negative preference for cowpea large grain size. The coefficient of safety attribute was positive and statistically significant at 5% level with an estimated mean of 4.625 and estimated standard deviation of 2.608 in the study area. The study concluded that consumers significantly preferred safer cowpea varieties, and cowpea large grain size attributes in the study area. Finally, the coefficient of insect damage was also normally distributed with an estimated mean of -0.464 and estimated standard deviation of -1.208, indicating that 36 percent of the distribution was above zero and 64 percent below. This means that 36 percent of consumers preferred cowpea with insect damage, while 64 percent avoided cowpea with insect damage. The stud…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Consumer preferences
  topic: keywords
subject: mixed logit
  topic: keywords
subject: genetically modified cowpea
  topic: keywords
subject: pest resistant
  topic: keywords
creator: M.I. Abubakar
creator: A.N. Abdullahi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2023-11-14
publication date: 2023-11-14
starting page: 66
ending page: 73

Nutritional Comparison of Transgenic and Local Cowpea Grown in Nigeria
type: item
description: Cowpea, a common nutritious legume in Nigeria, faces significant productivity challenges from the pod-boring pest, Maruca vitrata. This study investigated the nutritional differences between genetically modified varieties expressing Cry1Ab (a recombinant insecticidal toxin) and local cowpea varieties. Four cowpea varieties, including a transgenic variety (Sampea-20T), its non-transgenic counterpart (Sampea-10), and two improved varieties (Iron Beans and Ife Brown), commonly found in Nigerian markets, were evaluated for proximate, mineral and amino acid profiles using standard techniques. Sampea-20T and Sampea-10 were substantially similar in terms of crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat, with slight differences in ash and carbohydrate content. Sampea-20T significantly differed from Ife brown and iron beans cowpea varieties in multiple nutritional components. Ife brown had a significant mineral profile, while Sampea-20T and Sampea-10 were similar except for potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg). Sampea-20T had notably higher levels of histidine, isoleucine, and leucine compared to the other varieties but lower levels of tryptophan. Sampea-20T had considerably higher levels of five out of nine non-essential amino acids compared to Sampea-10, along with comparable quantities to Ife brown and iron beans in four amino acids. This study has shown that there were no biologically significant differences (p<0.05) found among the compositional parameters measured in cowpea samples taken from the transgenic cowpea (Sampea-20T), its non-transgenic counterpart (Sampea-10), and local commercial varieties (Ife brown and Iron beans).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transgenic cowpea
  topic: keywords
subject: Sampea 20-T
  topic: keywords
subject: Sampea-10
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
  topic: keywords
creator: Josephine Amedu
creator: Judith C. Okolo
creator: Jude C. Igborgbor
creator: Victor E. Oko
creator: Albert Anthony
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2023-12-09
publication date: 2023-12-09
starting page: 84
ending page: 89

Evaluation of the Molluscicidal Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Carica papaya as Potential Molluscicides against B. pfeifferi, Adult Snails, a Vector of Schistosomiasis
type: item
description: The study was carried out to evaluation of the molluscicidal effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Carica papaya as potential molluscicides against B. pfeifferi, adult snails, a vector of schistosomiasis. The plant was sourced from Sokun village where it is traditionally used to treat infections. The stem bark were peeled and air dried at room temperature then crushed and sieved to standardized particles, and extracted in ethanol and distilled water. Phenols were the most abundant phytochemicals in all extracts except the seeds ethanol extracts where they were not detected. Cardiac glycosides were found in all the extracts but in trace amounts. Seeds extracts had high amounts of alkaloids while the stem lacked alkaloids. The extract of stem ethanol was the most effective, killing all the 10 snails (100%) exposed to it at the lowest and highest concentrations (50mg/l and 150mg/l). Other extracts that caused 100% mortality are the seeds ethanol extract (150 mg/l) and stem water extract (150mg/l). The maximum number of snails killed by the stem water extract was 104.65%. LD50 is the minimum dosage required to kill 50% of the snails. The extract of the stem ethanol had the lowest calculated LD50 of 2.437mg/l followed by the stem water extract (104.65mg/l). The water extract of the seed ethanol recorded the highest LD50 of 127.71mg/l. The maximum number of miracidia killed by the stem ethanol extract was 3 at a concentration of 10mg/l. 15mg/l and 5mg/l of the stem ethanol extract killed 1 miracidium each. The lowest LT50 was 70.77 minutes recorded for 10mg/l of the stem ethanol extract. LT values for 5mg/l and 10mg/l of seeds water extracts could not be computed because they did not kill miracidia. The results indicated that miracidia exhibited a high level of tolerance to all extracts from this plant. At low concentrations of 50,100 and 150µg/l no deaths were recorded for all plant extracts. When the concentrations were increased to 50, 100, and 150mg/l cercariae e…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Molluscicidal
  topic: keywords
subject: Potentials
  topic: keywords
subject: Carica papaya
  topic: keywords
subject: Extracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Schistosomiasis
  topic: keywords
creator: U.N. Gimba
creator: B. Mohammed
creator: S. L. Ahmad-Alizaga
creator: A. Hamzat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-04-09
publication date: 2024-04-09
starting page: 35
ending page: 43

Comparative Influence of Activated Charcoal on Surgical Wound-Healing Activity of Unripe and Ripe Banana (Musa Sapientum) Peel in Wistar Rats
type: item
description: This research study was aimed to compare the influence of activated charcoal on wound healing activity of unripe and ripe banana (Musa sapientum) peel gel in wistar rats. Fifty two wistar rats with an average weight of (190 + 0.08) g were divided into thirteen groups with four rats per group. For use in this research, 4 %, 8 %, 12 % and 16 % (w/w) creams were prepared from ground peels using paraffin base. 4 %, 8 %, 12 % and 16 % creams were supplemented with 1 g, 2 g, 3 g and 4 g of activated charcoal respectively. These creams were applied once daily for 20 consecutive days and the progress of wound healing was closely monitored using parameters such as rate of wound contraction, microbial load count, wound surface protein, Histology, scar area and tensile strength. These parameters were determined on post-wound days 4,8,12 and 16. Creams prepared from unripe banana (Musa sapientum) peel gel supplemented with activated charcoal showed greater wound healing activity when compared with the standard and creams prepared from ripe banana peel gel supplemented with activated charcoal. The highest rate of wound healing was observed in the groups of rats treated with 16% banana peel gel supplemented with 4 g of activated charcoal. The prophylactic effect elicited by Musa sapientum peel gel supplemented with activated charcoal in terms of wound contraction and related biochemical parameters strongly supports the positive influence of activated charcoal on wound-healing activity of Musa sapientum peel.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Activated charcoal
  topic: keywords
subject: wistar rat
  topic: keywords
subject: Musa sapientum
  topic: keywords
subject: lidocaine
  topic: keywords
creator: Kehinde Christopher Adekunle
creator: James Omale
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-03-19
publication date: 2024-03-19
starting page: 29
ending page: 34

Phytochemical Composition and Biological Evaluation of Daniellia oliveri Root Bark Extracts
type: item
description: The research focused on examining the phytochemical components and biological properties of Daniellia oliveri (DO) root bark extracts. The study utilized quantitative phytochemical analysis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the chemical constituents. Furthermore, the investigation included assessments of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the antimicrobial effects against reference strains of bacteria. This research contributes to the understanding of the potential medicinal properties of Daniellia oliveri and its role in combating free radical species and microbial infectious diseases. The quantitative phytochemical analysis of the sample revealed the presence of various components including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Furthermore, the GC-MS profiling identified thirty-two compounds, with notable proportions of 1-Isopropyl-4,7-dimethyl, 1-1,2,3,5-hexahydronaphthalene (21.73%), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (6.8%), 1-Heptadecanamine (5.36%), α-Calacorene (5.52%), and Tridecane (4.45%). The sample also exhibited a DPPH radical inhibition effect with a comparative IC50 value of 0.58 µg/mL, when compared to the synthetic reference compound with an IC50 value of 0.1 µg/mL. The antibacterial evaluation of DA root extract on some Gram positive strains; B.stearothermophilus, C. sporogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, M.luteus,, displayed moderate growth inhibition and bactericidal action toward B.stearothermophilus. B. cereus, M.luteus strains only. However, displayed a non-inhibitory effect toward Gram negative strains (P.aureginosa and K.pneumoniae) investigated. Hence, Daniellia oliveri displayed inhibitory effect on radical solution and reduced growth rate of bacterial colony, complementing the existing findings on the pharmacological effects of local herbs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: D. oliveri
  topic: keywords
subject: antibacterial
  topic: keywords
subject: phytochemicals
  topic: keywords
subject: inhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: quantification
  topic: keywords
creator: Lazarus Enefola Ogacheko
creator: James Omale
creator: Gideon Ayeni
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-03-19
publication date: 2024-03-19
starting page: 23
ending page: 28

Comparative Evaluation of Anti-malarial activities of Methanol Leaf Extracts of Dialium guineense and Morinda lucida in Plasmodium berghei – Infected Mice
type: item
description: Malaria, a serious global health issue, has become increasingly difficult to treat due to drug resistance. As a result, researchers are focusing on finding new treatments, including those derived from medicinal plants. The pathogenesis of malaria involves significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of methanol leaf extracts from Dialium guineense and Morinda lucida in treating malaria in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The methanol leaf extracts were subjected to Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry for the determination of bioactive compounds. Different doses of the extracts and Artesunate (20 mg/kg) were administered orally to the infected mice for five days, thereafter parasitaemia was monitored. The livers were collected for weighing and histological studies. The GC-MS results indicated the presence of large quantities of alpha tocopherol, squalene, linolenic acid and moderate levels of lupeol and other pharmacologically active compounds. At P< 0.05, there was significant suppression of parasitaemia in the groups of mice infected and treated with rated doses of the extracts and Artesunate. The infection induced significant hepatomegaly in the infected and untreated animals which were significantly ameliorated in the groups of infected mice treated with the rated doses of the extracts and Artesunate. Both extracts were effective in protecting against hepatomegaly and severe lesions in the histoarchitecture; validating their experiential use as remedies for malaria. However, when compared with the infected and untreated groups, the methanol leaf extract of M. lucida had a greater preventive effect in this study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anti-malarial
  topic: keywords
subject: Dialium guineense
  topic: keywords
subject: Morinda lucida
  topic: keywords
subject: Plasmodium berghei
  topic: keywords
subject: leaf extracts
  topic: keywords
subject: infected mice
  topic: keywords
creator: Dorathy Agah Ogohi
creator: James Omale
creator: Eneji Raphael Jegede
creator: Joseph Eniola Olajide
creator: Godwin Amoka Audu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-03-07
publication date: 2024-03-07
starting page: 10
ending page: 22

Utilization of microalgae and accumulation of lipids for biodiesel production from grey-water in Makurdi area of Benue State, Nigeria
type: item
description: This study was conducted to investigate the utilization of some microalgae for simultaneous remediation of grey-water and accumulation of lipid for biodiesel production. Isolation was achieved by serial dilutions of the algal suspension in Bold’s Basal medium (BBM). The algal DNA was isolated using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Morphological analysis established that the shape, size, and colour of various isolates matched those of members of the genus Chlorella.Four pure algal cultures were isolated from the grey-water channel and designated Chlorella lewinii KU220 JNI1, Chlorella vulgaris. NEIST JNI3, Chlorella lewinii KU217 JNI6, and Chlorella spp. NC JNI8. The Chlorella strains were confirmed to the genus level by ITS2 rDNA as shown by BLAST. The FT-IR characterization of the biodiesel indicated peak region at 1745 cm–1 Chlorella spp. were isolated from grey-water which produced biodiesel with high yield per algae biomass 50 g of Chlorella spp. biomass generated 5.1 g of lipid which was converted to biodiesel from simple trans-esterification reaction. FT-IR spectrum revealed that Chlorella spp. lipids were converted tofatty acidmethyl ester (FAME) at 1745 cm-1 stretch, while the standard value for ester bond formation was obtained at 1744 cm-1 stretch. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced from Chlorella spp. analyzed were all in accordance with the ASTM standard.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biodiesel
  topic: keywords
subject: grey-water
  topic: keywords
subject: lipids
  topic: keywords
subject: Makurdi area
  topic: keywords
subject: microalgae
  topic: keywords
creator: B. C. Igomu
creator: I. O. Ogbonna
creator: G. M. Gberikon
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-02-15
publication date: 2024-02-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 9

In vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Sodium Azide on the Germination and Seedling Development of Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum
type: item
description: Mutation breeding is a widely recognized and effective method for enhancing crop production. Research has shown that induced mutations have the potential to significantly increase yield and improve various quantitative traits in plants. This method holds promise for the continued improvement of agricultural practices and the development of high-performing crop varieties. This study evaluated the mutagenic effects of sodium azide on seed germination and seedling development of two species of sesame. Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum were subjected to varying concentrations of sodium azide ranging from 0.00% (control) - 0.250% for 24 hours after which they were grown in the laboratory. The mean weight of seed ranged between 1.97g in Sesamum indicum and 1.05g in Sesamum radiatum. The highest mean germination percentage was 98% and 100% for Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum, respectively at day 7 with 0%, 0.0165%, 0.025%, 0.033% and 0.25% while the lowest average germination percentage was 86.67% and 98.33% produced by treatment levels: 0.033% and 0.063% for Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum respectively. The analyses indicated that there was no interaction between species and sodium azide on germination percentage at P=0.54. The effect of treatments on species had no significant difference at P=0.97 on radicle length, number of days to foliage formation and length of hypocotyl. The analysis revealed that the main effect on species was found to be significant for germination percentage at a level of P≤ 0.05. Furthermore, radicle length, number of days to foliage formation, length of hypocotyl, and seedling height exhibited significant differences at P≤ 0.05, indicating that the species played a noteworthy role in these parameters. This suggests that species had a more pronounced influence on most of the parameters studied, underscoring the fact that different species reacted diversely to the mutagen.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mutagen
  topic: keywords
subject: sodiun azide
  topic: keywords
subject: sesamum sp
  topic: keywords
subject: germination
  topic: keywords
subject: seedling development
  topic: keywords
creator: Davou Dung Nyam
creator: Joy Ene Itodo
creator: Michael Davou Sila
creator: Ifeoluwa Simeon Odesina
creator: Emmanuel Hala Kwon-Ndung
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 50
ending page: 56

Evaluation of Anti-fungal Properties of Pawpaw and Tamarind Leaf Extracts against Fusarium Head Blight in Both Wheat and Millet
type: item
description: This research on the production of antifungalwas focused on the prevention of Fusarium head blight (FHB) associated with the head wilt in both wheat and Millet, and the isolation and identification of fungi associated with Fusarium head blight in both Wheat and millet. Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) which are characterized as shrivelled, light, and dull greyish or pinkishof both wheat and millet., packaged in a clean polythene and transported the laboratory to preparation.500gms of the samples was disinfected in 70% ethanol for 1minute and then transferred to 10% sodium hypochlorite solution and allowed for 30mins before it was rinsed in three (3) changes of distilled water and air dried on foil paper. The samples solutions were transferred to potatoes dextrose agar (PDA) plates already prepared and we're incubated at 25°-37°C for 5days.The research work was able to confirm that Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium ventricosum are the major causes of Fusarium head blight in wheat and millet. However, secondary contaminants such as Aspergilusniger, Aspergilus flavus and Rhizopus were also present. The data collected in terms of occurrence of fungal isolates and mycelial growth per concentration of extracts for tamarind and pawpaw leaf were tabulated and analyzed using Chi-square and ANOVA using Duncan Post hoc in SPSS version 26. A p-value <.05 was considered statistically significant.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: phytochemical
  topic: keywords
subject: extract, fungi
  topic: keywords
subject: analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Ijeoma Adaku Nnebechukwu
creator: Finji Kokshak Garba
creator: Chidiebere Benjamin Obidigbo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-06-28
publication date: 2024-06-28
starting page: 44
ending page: 49

The Proximate, Phytochemical and Mineral Properties of Senna Occidentalis Leaf and some Local Feed Ingredients
type: item
description: This Senna occidentalis is a common tropical legume whose leave used to remedy many health challenges. These may be due to its nutritional status and can also be utilized as feed ingredient for fish and other domestic animals. The proximate, phytochemical and mineral properties of Senna occidentalis leaf will give insight of its bioactive components, nutritional and medicinal values. S. occidentalis collected from Fogbe and Lapai, in Niger state, Nigeria were investigated together with the proximate of soybean, maize and fishmeal purchased from Lapai market. The S. occidentalis leaves were air dried pulverized into powdered, soybean seed, maize and fish were also grind into powder. The proximate analyses of the feed ingredients were conducted. The phytochemical and mineral analyses of S. occidentalis leaf were done by using Atomic Absorption Spectrum (AAS). The S. occidentalis leaf has 30.83±4.59% protein, 2.95±1.41% moisture, 8.73±2.20 % ash, 18.12±2.12% fibre, 5.64±1.78% lipid and 33.73±1.00% carbohydrate contents. The proximate analyses show that fishmeal (67.35±5.55%) has high protein, soybean has high lipid (27.83±3.14%), and maize with high carbohydrate value of 79.47±1.07%. flavonoid (2.18±0.82mg/g) was high among the S. occidentalis leaf phytochemicals, phenolic compounds (1.58±0.75mg/g), alkaloid (1.23±0.32 mg/g) and saponin (0.33±0.01mg/g). S. occidentalis leaf was found to contain 105±0.43mg/L Chloride, 29.6±0.28mg/L calcium ion, 6.0±0.38mg/L sodium, 4.5±0.42mg/L nitrate, 3.0±0.08mg/L potassium, 0.07±0.01mg/L phosphate and 0.04±0.34mg/L nitrite that fall within normal range. With the foregoing constituents, S. occidentalis leaf has antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties and also precursor for syntheses of bioactive substances.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Proximate properties
  topic: keywords
subject: phytochemical profile
  topic: keywords
subject: mineral characteristics,
  topic: keywords
subject: Senna occidentalis Leaf
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Chado Isah
creator: Aliyu Hamzat
creator: Bintu Muhammed Mofio
creator: Mohammed Kudu Yusuf
creator: Mutah Nyadar Palmah
creator: Abdulkadir Alhaji Adamu
creator: Safiya Yunusa Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-07-07
publication date: 2024-07-07
starting page: 50
ending page: 56

Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) Responses in the Control of Poultry Lice (Menopon gallinae)
type: item
description: Neem and Gliricidia sepium plants were evaluate for insecticidal value in the control of common poultry lice. Chickens infested with lice were selected and divided into four groups. Aqueous extract of Neem and Gliricida sepium plans in varying concentration such as of 0 ml 10 ml, 20 ml and 50 ml was prepared as treatment and water was used as the control. The results for the mean percentage mortality of lice exposed to various concentrations of Gliricidia sepium, Gliricidia sepium + Neem, and Neem plant extracts showed that Gliricidia sepium achieved the highest average percentage mortality of 100% in a 50 ml leaf extract. This was followed by Gliricidia sepium + Neem with a mortality rate of 93.02% at 50 ml and Neem with 78.05% mortality at 50 ml. In contrast, the control group exhibited 0% mortality. Additionally, the results revealed that the highest mortality rate of 100% was recorded after a 2-minutes exposure to Gliricidia sepium, followed by Gliricidia sepium + Neem with 93.02% at 50 ml in 5 minutes, and Neem extract with 78.05% in 6 minutes. However, the lowest percentage mortality was observed with 0 minutes of exposure in the control group, across different concentrations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gliricidia
  topic: keywords
subject: neem
  topic: keywords
subject: extracts
  topic: keywords
subject: poultry
  topic: keywords
creator: Covenant Ije Egbaji
creator: Isong Emem Monday
creator: Abu Gabriel Inaku
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-12-17
publication date: 2024-12-17
starting page: 53
ending page: 58

The Prevalence of Aeromonas Species Isolated from Raw and Locally Fermented Cow Milk from Four Local Government Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Aeromonas species are non sporulating gram negative bacteria that are ubiquitous to the aquatic environment. Species such as Aeromonas hydrophila are pathogenic both to humans and animals causing gastroenteritis, peritonitis, endocarditis and meningitis. Milk with its high nutritional composition and neutral pH is a haven for microbial growth especially if not properly processed. Eight hundred milk samples comprising of raw milk (400) and locally fermented cow milk (“nono”) (400) were collected from Jos, Bukuru, Vom, Miango and Lamingo located within four local government areas of Plateau state. Raw milk samples were obtained from the farms and retailers while the locally fermented cow milk (“nono”) was purchased only from retailers. Each milk sample was collected in sterile well corked plastic containers, to prevent contamination in the course of transportation. The samples were examined for the presence of Aeromonas species using standard procedures. The isolates were subjected to cultural, biochemical, serological and phenotypic tests for the identification of Aeromonas species. The influence of seasonal variation on the prevalence of Aeromonas species in the milk samples was determined. Out of the 800 milk samples examined, 78 (9.75%) were positive for Aeromonas species. Among the two milk types investigated, raw milk had higher percentage prevalence, 53 (6.62%) than “nono” 25 (3.25%). The result of the effect of season on the prevalence of Aeromonas species isolated from milk, showed that a higher percentage prevalence of 59 (1.48%) of Aeromonas spp. was recorded in the two forms of milk during the wet season than during the dry season 19 (0.47%). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) (p=0.002) in the prevalence of the organism in both the raw and the fermented milk samples.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aeromonas
  topic: keywords
subject: species
  topic: keywords
subject: gastrointestinal
  topic: keywords
subject: milk
  topic: keywords
subject: prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: fermented
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-11-30
publication date: 2024-11-30
starting page: 48
ending page: 52

Selection of starter Cultures for the Production of Standardized Kefir, Nono and Yoghurt
type: item
description: The study aims to investigate the potential application of lactic acid bacteria in food processing, particularly in the production of dairy products. Specifically, the focus is on examining the species of lactic acid bacteria, such as Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus, which are associated with fermented native milk products. A total of 60 samples, 20 from each state, were randomly selected from Bauchi, Jigawa, and Plateau states in northern Nigeria. Various techniques were employed to determine the physiological, biochemical, and proximate composition of the samples. Isolation of lactic acid-producing bacteria was carried out using the lactic acid bacterium culture medium (MRS media), and subsequent identification was conducted through molecular techniques, morphological traits, biochemical features, and carbon requirements. Furthermore, the isolated bacteria were screened for enzymes activity and assessed for their potential as starter cultures in the production of kefir, nono, and yogurt. This research contributes to the understanding of the role of lactic acid bacteria in food processing and the potential for their use in the production of dairy products.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: selection
  topic: keywords
subject: starter cultures
  topic: keywords
subject: production
  topic: keywords
subject: nono
  topic: keywords
subject: yogurt
  topic: keywords
subject: kefir
  topic: keywords
creator: Sanusi Magaji
creator: Janet Itelima
creator: Mary Nyam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-11-02
publication date: 2024-11-02
starting page: 27
ending page: 30